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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Griffith/Hershey-Chase
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Scientists that figured out that genetic material was DNA/nucleic acids. Used to think it was protein.
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Watson & Crick
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Scientists that figured out was DNA looked like in the 50's: Double-stranded helix, sugar-phosphate backbone.
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DNA replication
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Important for cell reproduction
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Transcription
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Making RNA from DNA. In eukaryotic cells, it happens in the nucleus; in prokaryotic, cytoplasm.
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rRNA
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Made in nucleolus; staples amino acids togehter; come together to make ribosomes.
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mRNA
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Copy of the gene from the DNA (difference: entrons removed, single stranded), blueprint for protein.
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tRNA
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Brings the right amino acid into place (read in triplets).
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Translation
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Making protein from mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.
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Dictionary of genetic code
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Code in which every set of three RNA bases (A,U,G,C) call for a specific amino acid.
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Naked tRNA
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tRNA with no amino acid attached
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Charged tRNA
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tRNA with amino acid attached.
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Modification of protein
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In ER. Add 2 chains together; add iron atom; cut off part of chain
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Transport of protein (Where)
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Golgi apparatus (Packaging and modification)
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Mendel
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1860's; father of genetics
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Mendel's principles
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Segregation, independent assortment
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Segregation
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Separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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Independent assortment
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During meiosis; random process, crossing over, mutations
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Mendel's pea plant
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Showed interaction in complete dominance
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Allele
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Various form of a gene at a given location
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Homozygous
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Two alleles that are the same.
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Heterozygous
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Two different alleles
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Phenotype
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The outward appearance of an organism.
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Genotype
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What the DNA looks like (alleles)
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Mendel's experiments
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Cut off stamens of pea plants to cross pollinate.
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Punnet Square
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Used to determine phenotypic and genotypic outcomes in offspring.
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Incomplete dominance
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One gene does not completely mask the other (human hair curliness, snapdragon: red+white = pink)
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Multiple alleles
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Codominance (Blood type: A,B,O)
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Polygenic traits
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Traits which involve many genes (skin color, eye color, height) True of Most Traits.
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Pleiotropy
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Point mutation. Only one gene is off, causing several effects (sickle-cell disease).
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How environment affects genes
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Affects phenotype.
Stress, malnutrition = don't reach max height. Sun exposure = melanin. Puberty = production of testosterone and estrogen. |
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Controls of gene expression
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In cells, only certain genes are activated. Ex. insulin gene made in pancreas and not eye lens.
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Genetic disorders (meiosis and mitosis)
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Nondisjunction (meiosis) and cancer (mitosis)
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Fetal testing (2 types)
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Amniocentosis (wk 11-12); Chorionic villus biopsy (wk 9)
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DNA technology
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Using DNA and genes for our benefit
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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
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Amplifies DNA to make more copies using enzymes found in bacteria that live in hot springs.
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DNA fingerprints
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Run DNA on gel after cutting DNA using restriction enzymes
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RFLP
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DNA fragments specific to one person
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Gel electrophoresis
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Separates DNA fragments in gel.
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Plasmid
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Special mobile chromosome found in bacteria, used for putting human genes in bacteria DNA to reproduce.
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Clones (purpose)
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Replicate desirable traits; make parts that can be put in humans
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Stem cells
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Cells that can become anything. Purpose - to grow whole new organs (replace damaged ones).
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8-Cell stage
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Onmipotent: any cell(s) can break off to create identical twin.
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