Bio Mid Term Exam

Front 1

Nucleus

Back 1

Protects, controls access to DNA.

Front 2

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 2

Modifies proteins.

Makes lipids, breaks down carbs and fats, inactivates toxins.

Front 3

Golgi body

Back 3

Finishes, sorts and ships lipids, enzymes and proteins.

Front 4

Vesicle

Back 4

Transports, stores, or breaks down substances.

Front 5

Mitochondrion

Back 5

Energy powerhouse. Produces ATP by glucose breakdown.

Front 6

Chloroplast

Back 6

Makes sugars (in plants, and some protists)

Front 7

Lysosome

Back 7

Intracellular digestion

Front 8

Peroxisome

Back 8

Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and toxins

Front 9

Vacuole

Back 9

Storage, and breaks down food or waste.

Front 10

Ribosome

Back 10

Assembles polypeptides in protein synthesis

Front 11

Centriole

Back 11

Anchors cytoskeleton

Front 12

Cytoskeleton

Back 12

Contributes to cell shape, internal organization and movement.

Front 13

Cell theory

Back 13

Theory that all organisms consist of one or more cells.

Cells are the basic unit of life.

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

All cells pass hereditary material to offspring.

Front 14

Cytoplasm

Back 14

A mixture containing solutes and water enclosed by a cells plasma membrane.

Front 15

Nucleus

Back 15

Only in eukaryotic cell.

Organelle with a double membrane that holds a cells DNA.

Front 16

Organelle

Back 16

A structure that is responsible for a specialized metabolic function.

Front 17

Plasma membrane

Back 17

controls what comes in and out of a cell.

Front 18

Surface-to-volume ratio

Back 18

The relationship between a cells surface area and volume. A greater Surface to volume ratio is best.

It limits the cell size and influences cell shape.

Front 19

What do all cells start with?

Back 19

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA. Which in a eukaryotic cell only is enclosed by the nucleus.

Front 20

Light microscopes?

Back 20

Phase-contrast

Reflected light

Frequencies

Front 21

electron microscopes?

Back 21

Transmission electron(provides great quality)

Scanning electron

Front 22

Size of an average cell?

Back 22

1-100 micrometers

Front 23

Biofilm

Back 23

Community of micro-organisms who share secreted slime.

Front 24

Cell wall

Back 24

Rigid structure surrounding the plasma membrane of a cell

Front 25

Flagellum

Back 25

Aids in motility. (movement)

Front 26

Nucleoid

Back 26

Reigon of the cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated

Front 27

Pilus

Back 27

Protein filament that helps cells move across surfaces.

Front 28

Plasmid

Back 28

Small circle of DNA that carry a few genes that might be an advantage.

Front 29

Ribosome

Back 29

Assembles polypeptides in protein synthesis

Front 30

Difference between a plant and animal cell?

Back 30

Plant cell has a chloroplast, cell wall and central vacuol.

Animal cell has centriole.

Front 31

Chromatin

Back 31

All of the DNA in a cells nucleus with associated proteins

Front 32

Nucleoplasm

Back 32

Semifluid that chromatin is suspendid in, in the nucleus

Front 33

Nuclear Envelope

Back 33

Double membrane with nuclear pores, controlling what enters and exits the nucleus.

Front 34

Nucleolus

Back 34

Dense region of proteins and nucleic acids where subunits of ribosomes are produced.

Front 35

What does a nucleus do for Eukaryotic cells?

Back 35

Protects and controls access to a Eukaryotic cell

Front 36

Where is RNA produced?

Back 36

In the nucleus.

Front 37

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Back 37

Cytoplasm

Front 38

Central Vacuole

Back 38

Large fluid filled organelle in many plant cells.

Front 39

Endomembrane system

Back 39

Series of interacting organelles.

Function is to make lipids, enzymes, and proteins for insertion into the cells membranes.

Also destroys toxins, and recycles waste.

Front 40

What key organelles are invlolved in the Endomembrane System?

Back 40

1. Vesicles

2. Rough ER

3. Smooth ER

4. Golgi Body

Front 41

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 41

2 types : Smooth and Rough

Rough : Modifies proteins made by ribosomes attached to it.

Smooth : Makes lipids and breaks down carbohydrates and fats.

Front 42

Golgi Body

Back 42

Modifies lipids, proteins, and enzymes and packages them into vesicles.

Front 43

Mitochondria

Back 43

Produces ATP by aerobic respiration. (an oxygen requiring series of reactions that breaks dowbb carbohydrates)

Front 44

Plastids

Back 44

Function in storage, pigmentation and photosythesis in plants.

Front 45

Chloroplasts

Back 45

A type of plastid that carries out photosythesis.

Front 46

Cytoskeleton

Back 46

Dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures.

Front 47

Microtubules

Back 47

Long hollow cylinders that consist of subunits of tubulin. I

Involved in cellular movement.

Front 48

Microfilaments

Back 48

Fibers that primarily consist of subunits of a protein called actin.

Front 49

Intermediate filament

Back 49

Most stable element within the cytoskeleton, Structurally supports cells and tissues.

Front 50

Motor protein

Back 50

Type of energy using protein that interacts with cytoskeleton elements to move the cells parts or the whole cell when energized by a phosphate group transfer from ATP.

Front 51

Cilia

Back 51

Short, hair-like structure that project from the surface of some cells.

Front 52

Centriole

Back 52

Barrel like structure from which microtubules grow out of.

Front 53

Basal body

Back 53

Organelle that develops from a centriole

Front 54

Pseudopods

Back 54

Temporary portrusion that helps eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey.

Front 55

What is the basis of a Eukaryotic cells shape, internal structure, and movement?

Back 55

The Cytoskeleton

Front 56

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Back 56

Complex mixture of molecules including polysaccharides and fibrous proteins.

Front 57

Primary wall

Back 57

First cell wall of young plants

Front 58

Secondary wall

Back 58

Lignin-reinforced wall that forms inside the primary wall of a plant cell

Front 59

Lignin

Back 59

Material that strengthens plant cell walls

Front 60

Cuticle

Back 60

type of ECM.

Secreted covering at a body surface

Front 61

Cell junctions

Back 61

Structure that connects a cell to other cells or to extracellular matrix

Front 62

tight Junction

Back 62

Cell junction that fastens together the plasma membranes of adjacent animal cells; Collectively help prevent fluids from leaking between the cells.

Front 63

Adhering junction

Back 63

Cell junction that fastens an animal cell to another cell. or to a basement membrane.

Front 64

Gap junction

Back 64

Cell junction that forms a closable channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells.

Front 65

Plasmodesma

Back 65

Cell junction that forms an open channel between the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.