Bio Micro Exam 4 25-27

Front 1

What two chains make up the antibody structure?

Back 1

The heavy and light chain

Front 2

Does the heavy or light chain make up the variable region?

Back 2

Both do

Front 3

The antibody structure is a tetramer made up of two light chains and two heavy chains. What connects the polypeptides together?

Back 3

The disulfide bond

Front 4

What region of the antibody is recognized by other immune cells?

Back 4

The constant region; usually most antibody functions are determined by this region

Front 5

What are the two types of light chains?

Back 5

Kappa and Lambda

Front 6

Do the light chains have an identical amino acid sequence to each other?

Back 6

Yes, the heavy chain does as well

Front 7

What is the site on the antibody where the antigen binds?

Back 7

The epitope. This is on the variable region and an antigen typically has many different epitopes.

Front 8

What are the five isotypes for human antibodies?

Back 8

M,A,D,G,E

Front 9

The antibody Ig_ comes in four different forms and the antibody Ig_ comes in two forms. This allows us to have 9 different isotypes in total.

Back 9

G,
A

Front 10

When an individual has been previously exposed to an antigen there will be an increase in what isotypes of antibodies?

Back 10

G,M

Front 11

In class switching what part of the antibody will change, the variable or constant region?

Back 11

The Constant region

Front 12

What is the purpose of the RAG1 & RAG2?

Back 12

These mediate the recombination in mammalian immune cells. What occurs is the flanking sequence will be recognized by the RAG1 & RAG2 and will (using enzyme mediated ds breaks in DNA and rejoining the DNA).
The sequence in btween the recombination sites will then be converted into a circular form and this sequence is then lost.

Front 13

The absence of RAG1 and RAG2 can prevent what in B and T cells?

Back 13

Recombination and these cells won't develop.

Front 14

Recombination isn't always effective (1/3 of time it works) so that means that 2/3 of the time it doesn't work. Meaning there is a ______ _____ in the new reading frame.

Back 14

Stop Codon

Front 15

In VDJ recombination what is joined first?

Back 15

D-J=1st
V-DJ=2nd

Front 16

Each segment of the VDJ recombination has 3 possible reading frames and typically _ of these frames will contain stop codons.

Back 16

2

Front 17

Which of the VDJ has its own promoter?

Back 17

The V region

Front 18

Following VDJ recombination, the transcription for the IgH locus will begin upstream the successfully recombined V region. Upstream (non-recombined V regions) might be transcribed but _____ produce ____ ____ __

Back 18

Don't produce full length mRNA

Front 19

Unrecombined J regions are transcribed but aren't ______

Back 19

Translated

Front 20

What are the specific VDJ(#'s) that recombine?

Back 20

DH3-JH2
VH2-JH2

Front 21

To make a deltamRNA what must happen during processing?

Back 21

The mu sequence must be treated as an intron and spliced out during processing.

Front 22

Newtonian Mechanics (KapCH2)

Torque

Back 22

τ = r*F*sinθ

THINK Work

Hint 22

W=F*d*cos0

Front 23

Describe the early stages of B cell maturation

Back 23

The B cell will recombine its VDJ region and then shortley after recombine the light chain (Either Vlambda-Jlambda or Vkappa-Jkappa).
Failure at any of these steps will cause the B cell to apoptose.
This will then express the IgM

Front 24

During B cell maturation, the naive Ig will bind antigen and then what happens to the antibody?

Back 24

The helper T cells and dendritic cells will activate the B cells, the B cells will undergo clonal expansion.
If the antibody doesn't bind then the antibody will undergo apoptosis

Front 25

During B cell maturation, specifically at the onset of B cell clonal expansion, there is variable region hypermutation. What is this hypermutation and what is the purpose of the hypermutation?

Back 25

This is a process where point mutations occur at a high rate within the variable region (VDJ and VJ regions)
Selection and propagation of progeny with highest affinities for antigen
It’s just like (or is) evolution

Front 26

What are some factors for determining what isotype undergoes a class switch in B cell maturation?

Back 26

Which isotype it switches to depends on location, cytokines, etc

Front 27

If the B cell avoids negative selection in B cell maturation, what are the two fates?

Back 27

Plasma cell: an “antibody factory,” large cytoplasm, condensed nucleus – produces large amounts of secreted Ig (up to 20K antibody molecules/second). Plasma cells may produce any isotype (B cells don’t always switch – you can have IgM expressing memory cells)


Memory cells are long lived and may also produce any isotype. They tend to produce low amounts of Ig until (re) stimulated by antigen/T helper cells

Front 28

Where do memory B cells reside?

Back 28

In the bone marrow, lymph nodes or spleen

Front 29

The B cells will make both secreted and membrane bound forms of whatever isotype it’s making.What is another name for the membrane bound B cells?

Back 29

BCR
B cell receptors

Front 30

Concerning B cells: Surface vs. _________ antibody is controlled by the presence of two alternative _______ _________ sites within each ____ ______ segment

Back 30

secreted
poly adenylation
constant region

Front 31

Surface vs. secreted antibody is controlled by the presence of two alternative poly adenylation sites within each constant region segment. What makes these two sites different?

Back 31

The two molecules differ in that the membrane-bound antibody has a small membrane-spanning portion, so it’s a slightly larger protein.

Front 32

What are the two multimeric antibodies?

Back 32

IgA and IgM

Front 33

What is valence in regard to IgA and IgM?

Back 33

This is talking about how IgM can bind 10 epitopes at once ang IgA can bind 4 epitopes at once

Front 34

What antibody is found primarily in the mucosal secretions?

Back 34

IgA

Front 35

What antibody is found primarily in serum?

Back 35

IgG

Front 36

What holds together antibodies which are multimers?

Back 36

The J chain

Front 37

Regarding antibodies what is opsonization?

Back 37

Promotion of phagocytosis

Front 38

Regarding antibodies what is neutralization?

Back 38

The antibody binding to and inactivating toxins or the antibody binding to pathogen and preventing it from entering cell or attaching to substrate

Front 39

What antibodies can complement?

Back 39

IgM and IgG

Front 40

What IgG cannot complement?

Back 40

IgG

Front 41

Regarding antibodies what is complementation?

Back 41

Once the antibody has bound to the antigen, the constant region of these antibodies undergo conformational change. Complement C1 will then bind to antigen:antibody complex and initiate the complement cascade

Front 42

Just know

Back 42

All Ig’s will serve as the BCR for the cell that makes them. Binding of antigen to BCR causes an activation signal (increase in cell division and increase in Ig production)
Secreted IgE will bind the surface of basophils and mast cells and serve as receptors for that cell (basophils and mast cells have a receptor for IgE constant region).

Front 43

What is the first antibody made by a B cell?

Back 43

IgM;
May be found in secreted form as a monomer and a pentamer (five antibody molecules joined to together by a peptide known as “J chain”
Pentameric form is very good at “fixing” complement

Front 44

IgD is found with Ig_ in mature B cells?

Back 44

M

Front 45

IgG is the primary _______ antibody and there are ______ different kinds of IgG. Also to note IgG can cross the ______ which is important in immune defense of ________

Back 45

serum
four
placenta
fetus

Front 46

What antibody is protease resistant and is primarily found in mucus?

Back 46

IgA

Front 47

What is the least common isotype in serum and may cause allergic reactions?
(people with allergies to Mountain Cedar pollen will have Ig_ antibodies specific for antigens found in Mountain Cedar pollen)

Back 47

IgE

Front 48

What factors increasing diversity in the variable regions of antibodies?

Back 48

VDJ joing and light chain association

Functional flexibility- VDJ joining isn't precise

P addition
Nucleotids may be added between segments due to mechanism of the recombination process

N addidtion
Following the clevage event in recombination, TdT may add nucleotides to end of cleaved DNA strands


Somatic hypermutation
Usually happens after B cell activation, within germinal centers of lymph nodes

Front 49

What is a mitogen?

Back 49

Something that stimulates cell growth

Front 50

What are the molecules usually acting as antigens in T independent antigen and B cell activation?

Back 50

Large, polymeric molecules such as LPS.
LPS does this to B cells through TLR 4.

Front 51

Which illicits a stronger memory response, T dependent or T independent antigens and B cell activation

Back 51

T dependent

Front 52

Why does carbohydrates make for poor vaccine targets?

Back 52

They will not create a strong memory response but this can be countered by Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) – capsular polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae, offers ~80% protection rate, but only against serotypes covered by the vaccine. Protection lasts 5 years and longer. There’s a trick to it: the vaccine is a conjugate of polysaccharide and protein. This allows production of anticapsular antibodies in a T dependent manner

Front 53

Describe what happens in T dependent antigen and B cell activation

Back 53

BCR will be a receptor for the antigen

Antigen will undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis by the B cell

Antigen will be digested in lysozomes and small fragments and then displayed in class II complex

CD4 and Thelper cells binds the B cell MHC 11 _ antigen using its TCR and CD4.

The B cell is stimulated by the antigen binding to BCR and the CD40 binding to CD40L
The T cell is stimulated by CD3/TCR complex and CD28(binds to B7)

The T cell will then release cytokines (IL-2) which will stimulate itself, B cells, and other immune cells
-NO IL2 NO T CELL ACTIVATION

Front 54

What effects on the B cell being stimulate in T dependent antigen activation?

Back 54

Increased antibody secretion
Somatic hypermutation/affinity maturation
Class switching (usually, but not always)
Differentiation/production of memory cells

Front 55

What is an adjuvant?

Back 55

an adjuvant is a non-specific
Immune stimulant, e.g. LPS

Front 56

Describe the experiment of monoclonal antibodies and mice?

Back 56

Last slide lecture 26

Front 57

What is the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies?

Back 57

Polyclonal:The antibodies are a mixture of many different antibodies from different original (naïve clones) B cells. The antibodies are said to be polyclonal, since they are produced by multiple B cell clones.
Purified antibody from the

Monoclonal:All antibodies in the preparation have the exact same amino acid sequence.
All antibodies are derived from one single original B cell.
Same amino acid sequence, same affinity, same isotype, no other antibodies to other antigens.

Front 58

Class _ MHC genes are expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells, they present antigens to cytotoxic T cells

Back 58

I

Front 59

Class _ genes are expressed on “professional antigen presenting cells:” B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.

Back 59

II;
They present antigens to T helper cells.

Front 60

Class _ genes encode various secreted proteins (including some complement and inflammatory molecules), heat shock proteins, peptide transporters…

Back 60

III

Front 61

Why are the MHC genes usually inherited as a set from each parent?

Back 61

Because the MHC genes are located in a cluster and are very tightly linked

Front 62

The MHC is highly polymorphic due to

Back 62

A large number of small variations (akin0

Front 63

Can siblings be histocompatible with parents?

Back 63

No

Front 64

During a transplant if one of the MHC alleles are incompatible with the person will the transplant be sucessful ?

Back 64

No;
One mismatch is as good (actually bad) as two.

Front 65

The MHC Protein structure is made up of two and one ?

Back 65

Two alpha helices and one beta sheet which form a groove and the linear peptide is bound in a linear form within this groove.

Front 66

What holds the peptide inbetween the alpha helices and a beta sheet?

Back 66

Non covalent interactions
= H-Bond, salt bridges between acidic and basic residues, hydrophobic interations

Front 67

Which one of the classes have two transmembrane proteins?

Back 67

Class II

Front 68

Both Class I and II have _ globular domains

Back 68

4;
Class I, beta2 microglobulin makes up one of these domains

Front 69

Where are MHC cells expressed?

Back 69

They are usually expressed on the surface of cells; Class I is on the surface of most nucleated cells and Class II on APC

Front 70

Describe how MHC Class determines between self and non-self?

Back 70

Pretty straightforward-sorry don't feel like typing this one:

Virtually all nucleated cells express MHC class I molecules on their surface
Each MHC class I molecule will hold a small peptide in a groove. The peptide(s) are derived from whatever proteins the cell is making at that time.
A virally infected cell will make some viral proteins (as well as some normal host proteins) and display peptides derived from these proteins in MHC class I.
A CTL can recognize this peptide as foreign and kill the cell displaying the foreign peptide.
If a cell is displaying only self peptides in MHC class I, it will not be killed by CTLs.

Front 71

APC can express what type of MHC?

Back 71

Both MHC I and MHC II

Front 72

Describe how the MHC II goes through the exogenous pathway

Back 72

The endocytosis or phagocytosis of an antigen occurs.

The endosome/phagosome will fuse with a lysosome

This becomes a phagolysosome
causing degradation of the contents due to lower pH, hydrolytic enzymes and chemicals.

The antigen is degraded

The antigen is displayed via class II

Front 73

Class II molecules are initially protected by what?

Back 73

A protein called the invariant chain, or CLIP.

Front 74

What is the function of CLIP?

Back 74

It prevents endogenous proteins from occupying the peptide-binding cleft, and helps MHC II fold correctly.

The invariant chain eventually gets digested, removed and replaced with an exogenous peptide

Front 75

Describe the Endogenous pathway for MHC I

Back 75

The protein will be marked for degradation by ubiquitin.

This sends it for degradation by the proteosome. (PROTEOSOME REQUIRES ATP!!!)

TAP 1 and TAP 2
heterodimerize and form a channel through the ER membrane through which the peptides pass in an ATP-dependent manner.

The peptides associate with Class I in the lumen of the ER

The assembled Class I + peptide move to the Golgi then to the cell surface.

Front 76

The TCR recognizes both the MHC _____ itself and the ______ it contains

Back 76

molecule
peptide

Front 77

The T cell receptor is a heterodimeric (either _/_ or _/_)

Back 77

alpha/beta
gamma/delta

Gamma delta predominate early in development

alpha-beta T cells are more common in adults.

Front 78

Describe the steps of T cell maturation.

Back 78

The T cells originate in the bone marrow and travel to the thymus.

In the Thymus they are CD4- and CD8-

After a while they will express RAG1 and RAG2 and rearrange the TCR beta gene. Cells that don't rearrange the TCR beta gene and they are kiled.

The survivors will then become CD4+/CD8+.

Then there will be a rearrangement of the TCR alpha gene and this will cause either CD8 or CD4 to become positive.

Positive selection occurs and this selects for T cells with receptors that are capable of binding self MHC.

Negative selection then eliminates T cells with overly high affinity receptors for self MHC molecules

Front 79

Binding of the MHC by the TCR recruits __/___ (and thus __) to the binding site.

Back 79

CD4/CD8
Lck

Front 80

Lck/Fyn which are tyrosine kinases are activated by the phosphatease activity of ____

Back 80

CD45

Front 81

What is the function of Lck and Fyn?

Back 81

Lck and Fyn will phosphorylate the cytoplasmic tail portions of CD3 (they each phosphorylate a different tyrosine – both are necessary for full activation.

Front 82

Just Know

Back 82

The subsequent signal transduction pathway of T cell activation is highly complex… there are many results, varying over time.

Resting T cells start the cell division cycle

An immediate rise in cytosolic calcium concentration (this isn’t simply a by product of activation, it’s a necessary step for full activation – artificially causing an increase in calcium can promote activation)

Immediate early genes will be expressed (~30 minutes), including NF-kB, c-myc and c-fos

Early genes (1-2 hours) include IL-2 and IL-2R

Late genes (1-2 days) include various adhesion molecules.

Front 83

What is the co-stimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation?

Back 83

CD28-Tcell with B7 of APC to make CTL-A

Front 84

CD28 activation causes production of CTLA-4. CTLA-4 is also a receptor for B7, but it ____(is ____, rather than _____) of CD28. This is regarded as a “braking” effect. CD28 and CTLA-4 will compete for binding to B7.

Back 84

antagonizes
inhibitory
activating

Front 85

Upregulation of IL-2 and IL-2R is only accomplished when both ( ____ and ____ ) stimulatory signals occur.

Back 85

TCR
CD28

Front 86

Stimulation of TCR alone may result in ______of the T cell

Back 86

apoptosis

Front 87

What makes superantigens so distinct from antigens?

Back 87

Superantigens are proteins that will simultaneously bind a class II MHC and the β chain of the TCR.

Front 88

Naive CTL's probably require what for activation?

Back 88

Probably requires dendritic cell activation

Front 89

CTL's can kill a cell by using Fas-FasL interaction, how is this done?

Back 89

The nucleated cells have Fas and will bind to FasL on the CTL. This will cause the activation of FADD and FADD will cleave a caspase, initiating an apoptotic pathway in target

Front 90

Besides the Fas-FasL interaction, how else can the CTL kill a cell?

Back 90

Perforin/Granzyme

Front 91

What is responsible for some issues regarding transplant rejection?
Hint CD8

Back 91

CTLs are also responsible for many (not all) of the issues regarding transplant rejection. Transplanted tissue with a different set of MHC alleles (particularly at MHC class I) will be rejected – that is, the CTLs will recognize these different MHC class I molecules as foreign, regardless of what peptides they might be displaying. Host CTLs will then kill the transplanted cells. Put another way, CTLs are capable of recognizing either the peptide or the MHC molecule itself as foreign. In this case, they recognize the MHC alone.

Front 92

TH1 cells promote ________ immunity

Back 92

Cell-mediated

Front 93

TH2 cells promote __________ immunity

Back 93

Humoral

Front 94

TH1 cells:
Activate CTLS,macrophages and productiion of opsonins such as ____
Cytokines produced by TH1 T cells include IFN gamma, TNT Beta, __-___

Back 94

IgG2
GM-CSF

Front 95

IFN gamma inhibits expansion of _____ cells

Back 95

TH2

Front 96

TH2 cells promote:
Production of ________ and ______
Cytokines produced include IL-4,IL-10 and _______
IL-4 stimulates switching of Ig_ to Ig_

Back 96

Mast cells and eosinophils
IL-13
E to G

Front 97

IL-4 and IL-10 both suppress proliferation of ____cells

Back 97

TH1

Front 98

The TH3 subset has only recently been identified, they induce B cell production of IgA and suppress both __ and ___cells. They probably play a role in development of ___ _____.

Back 98

TH1 and TH2
Oral Tolerance

Front 99

Trego (aka T suppressor cells). Come in many different forms, function is largely _________________. Helps prevent autoimmunity, shutdown of immune reaction after infection has been cleared.

Back 99

Immunosuppressive

Front 100

What is an superantigen and what is an example of a bacteria that can create a superantigen?

Back 100

Superantigens not only bind to the MHC II but they also bind to the beta chain of TCR.
This will result in activationof T cells regardless of specificity of the TCR for antigen in the MHC.

Staph. aureus causes toxic shock by production of a superantigen called TSST1.

Front 101

Regarding TH subtypes why is HIV/AIDS effective?

Back 101

HIV will progress more rapidly to AIDS if/when the response shifts from TH1 to TH2. Antibodies (humoral response) are not effective against it as it can reproduce and spread intracellularly

Front 102

Describe how Onchocerciasis causes blindness

Back 102

Infection of a small parasite. When the parasites within a human host die, an immune response is mounted against the dead pathogen (living parasites tend to generate very little immune response). Most individuals mount a TH1 response and the consequent inflammation causes destruction of numerous tissues, including the eyes; this causes blindness. Some individuals show a very large increase in IL-10 when the immune reaction starts. They develop a TH2 response and usually do not go blind.

Front 103

Give an example of how a virus manipulates the TH subtypes

Back 103

Epstein-Barr virus encodes an IL-10 analog. i.e. a cell infected with EBV will secrete a virally encoded protein that binds to and activates IL-10 receptors. The virus directly manipulates the immune response of the host.

Front 104

CD1:
There are five CD1 molecules (CD1a-e), all are similar to MHC class I, and associate with ___ microglobulin.

CD1 proteins are expressed in antigen presenting cells (B cells, macrophages)


They can present hydrophobic antigens such as ____ acid and _____ derived from bacterial membranes and cell walls

Some T helper cells can recognize and activate in response to antigen presented in CD1

Back 104

Beta2
mycolic
glycolipids

Front 105

What are cluster of differentiation markers used for?

Back 105

They are used to differentiate between antibodies and other things

Front 106

CD molecules are cell surface proteins and ___________.

Back 106

Glycoproteins

Front 107

CD4 is for and CD16 is for?

Back 107

CD4 is for Th cells (MHC II)
CD16 is for neutrophils, NK cells, Macrophages, receptor for IgG Fc

Front 108

When a B cell progresses from the mature stage to the plasma cell stage, it goes from CD_______- to CD____+

Back 108

138
138

Front 109

B cells, T cells and NK cells are lymphoid or myeloid?

all of WBC's are myeloid or lymphoid?

Back 109

Lymphoid

Myeloid

Front 110

Dendritic cells may be lymphoid or ______ in origin

Back 110

Myeloid

Front 111

What are the suppressor T cells cluster of differentiations numbers?

Back 111

CD4+, CD8+ CD25+

Front 112

Lymphoid cells have an agranular cytoplasm, usually have a small nucleus, large cytoplasm. True or False?

Back 112

False
agranular cytoplasm, usually have a large nucleus, small cytoplasm

Front 113

What are the three Granulocytes?

Back 113

Eosinophils, Neutrophils, and Basophils

Front 114

Natural Killer Cells target kind of infections?

Back 114

Viral infections, bacterial infections and tumors

NK are important early responder to virus and intracellular bacterial infections.

Front 115

What is an important early responder to virus and intracellular bacterial infections.?

Back 115

NK CELLS

Front 116

In the early infection of a cell there is a release of IFN alpha and beta, these will cause the growth of what kind of cells?

Back 116

NK cells, and then viral specific CTL's eventually take over killing function

Front 117

What makes NK cells different from CTL's despite the fact they share a common ancestor?

Back 117

NK cells are nonspecific

Front 118

The presence of MHC Class I will inhibit what kind of cells?

Back 118

NK Cells

Front 119

What kind of cells use the ADCC?

Back 119

NK cells
Mediated through CD16 (an Fcγ receptor) on NK cell surface

Front 120

If a NK cells kill one tumor infected cell, once they respond to another tumor infected cell is the second response stronger than the first?

Back 120

NOPE.
NK cells are non specific and don't learn to kill.

Front 121

How do NK cells kill other cells?

Back 121

They will use perforins to cause pores to form in the target cell.

Then use Granzymes, these are serine proteases that will specifically cleave caspases activting the apoptotic pathway

Front 122

The activators for NK cells are:
CD16 (IgG Fc receptor), CD28 (receptor for B-7 family of molecules) and many others

AND the inhibitory factors is MHC I.

If there is both inhibitory and activating, what will occur.

Back 122

The NK Cell will be inhibited.

Front 123

In a blood cell what makes the most of WBC?

Back 123

Neutrophills (50-70%)

Front 124

What has these characteristics?

Have a distinct polymorphic (more than two lobes) nucleus and granulocytic cytoplasm....the granules are predominantly glycogen.

Short lived – released from bone marrow, circulate for 7-10 hours and migrate to tissues where they live for a few days

Have few mitochondria
Most of energy production is glycolysis

Constitute the majority of circulating WBC in healthy adults

Back 124

Neutrophils

Front 125

What is often the first responder to bacterial infection?

Back 125

Neutrophils

Front 126

When there is a bacterial infection there is often a "band shift" what is this in reference to?

Back 126

There is a bacterial infection and usually if there is a bacterial infection there is an increase in neutrophils.

‘Band shift’ or ‘left shift’ specifically refers to an increase in banded (immature) neutrophils. The term “left shift” is derived from the fact that most charts showing neutrophil maturation have the immature forms on the left side of the chart

Front 127

Why is there an increase in neutrophils when there is bacterial infection?

Back 127

early inflammatory signals at site of infection are chemotactic. Neutrophils are motile and will migrate from blood to site of infection. Neutrophils will attach to endothelial cells (lining of blood vessels) and pass between them to reach site of infection.

Front 128

What type of cell has these contents?
Lactoferrin – tightly binds iron
Lysozyme – degrades bacterial cell walls
Hydrogen ion transporters – leads to acidification

Back 128

Neutrophils have within them phagolysosome which has these contents

CD16 (an Fcγ receptor) plays important role in binding/recognition, but is not strictly necessary
.

Front 129

What type of cells hold these characteristics?
Bi-Lobed nucleus
Granulocytic cytoplasm
Have a high affinity receptor for IgE
Enzymes are specialized for parasites rather than bacteria?

Back 129

Eosinophils

Front 130

What Ig_ do neutrophils have a high affinity receptor for?

Back 130

IgG

Front 131

What cell holds these qualities?
High affinity IgE receptor
Degranulation once recognition of antigen by IgE
Can also degranulate due to other signals such as bradykinin
They are not phagocytic unlike other granulocytes

Back 131

Basophils

Front 132

What chemicals are released from degranulation of basophils?

Back 132

Histamine, heparin, serotonin and other chemicals

Front 133

_______ and mast cells are the cause of allergies?

Back 133

Basophils

Front 134

Some of the released chemicals of basophil may attract _____ and ___________

Back 134

Neutrophils and Eosinophil

Front 135

In Wright-Giemsa and Hemotoxylin and Eosin staining, the Eosin is the ____ dye and binds to ______ molecules?

Back 135

Red
Basic

Front 136

In Wright-Giemsa and Hemotoxylin and Eosin staining, the Azure B in ________-________ and Hemotoxylin in Hemotoxylin and Eosin are the _____ dye and bind to the ______ molecules.

Back 136

Wright-Giemsa
Blue
Acidic

Front 137

In a In Wright-Giemsa and Hemotoxylin and Eosin staining, the basophil will bind ________ and turn ___________ and the Eosinophil will bind __________ and turn ________ and the Neutrophil will bind ______ and __________.

Back 137

Azure B
Blue
Eosin
Red
Eosin and Azure B

Front 138

What cell has these qualities:
Dark granular cytoplasm, bilobed nucleus

Back 138

Basophil

Front 139

What cell has these qualities:
Large agranular
Bilobed nucleus

Back 139

Monocyte

Front 140

What cell has these qualities:
Polymorphic nucleus
Light, granular cytoplasm

Back 140

Neutrophil

Front 141

What cell has these qualities:
Red granular cytoplasem
Bilobed nucleus

Back 141

Eosinophil

Front 142

What cell has these qualities:
Dark, rounded nucleus
Small agranular cytoplasm

Back 142

Lymphocyte

Front 143

Monocytes mature quickly where?

Back 143

The bone marrow

Front 144

What tissue in the body have the highest numbers of monocytes?

Back 144

Liver and Spleen

Front 145

What stimulates macrophages?

Back 145

Fixed macrophages are typically dormant or resting, but are strongly stimulated by T helper cells (particularly by secretion of IFN γ)

Front 146

Upon activation, macrophages will show increase in:

Back 146

Phagocytosis
Ability to stimulate T cells
Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Expression of MHC class II and therefore ability to present antigen

Front 147

Give a general step by step of phagocytosis

Back 147

First there are usually chemotaxis, generated by a variety of substances.

Adherence induces formation of pseudopodia which will extend around the attached material

The pseudopodia will fuse and ingest the material into an internal liposome called a phagosome

The pH will drop and then it may fuse with lysosome.

The fusion product is called a phagolysosome
Endocytosis follows a similar pathway; endosomes fuse with lysosomes to form endolysosomes
Lysosomes contain acid, hydrolytic enzymes which can degrade the foreign material or pathogen

The digested contents of the phagolysosome will be eliminated through exocytosis. In macrophages some of the degraded material will be presented on MHC class II molecules on the cell surface

Front 148

What are opsonins?

Back 148

Opsonins are molecules produced by the host that promote phagocytosis

Front 149

What protein is toxic to schistosomes and is an enzyme found in Eosinophils?

Back 149

Major Basic Protein