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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Antigen
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molecules protruding from the surface of cells/viruses which trigger an immune response
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antibody
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protein that attaches to antigens triggering macrophages to destroy that cell
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unviversal donar
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o-
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universal recipient
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AB
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multiple alleles
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more than two possible alleles in the abo blood type system
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Linked genes
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genes located on the same chromosome which tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses
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sex linked genes
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genes located on the X chromosome
sinse the y chromosome is disheveled version of x chromosme, there are certain genes on the x that arent on the y therefore there are certain traits tht men only have one copy of |
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hemizygougs
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1 copy of a gene instead of 2
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autosomal genes
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genes located on autosomes
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carrier
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individual that has an allele for a trait/disease but who does not express it in their phenotype
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monohybrid cross
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a breeding experiment between parents differeing in only a single characteristic
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probability
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the likelihood that a specific event will occur
^genetics - trait or characteristic that an offspring will exhibit |
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law of segregation
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two alleles segregate(split) during gamete formation
ex: nondisjuntion |
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law of independent assortment
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alleles of different genes separate independently of one another (inheritance of one trait has no effect on the inheritance of another trait)
ex: crossing over occurs |
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4 reasons why peas are good to use
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many of the traits have two distinct formns, reproduce quickly, short generation time, and mating easily controlled
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gregor mendel
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austiran monk that had a background in farming and science. used pea plants to study heredity, mathematical aproach to science, and 1st to develop rules that accuratley predict patterns of heredity
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prophase 1
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homologous pairs form and crossing over occurs
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metaphase 1
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homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the cell but the homologous pairs remain side by side
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anaphase 1
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homologous chromosomes split and move to opposite ends of the cell
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telophase 1 and cytokinesis
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chromosomes move to either end of the cell and the cytoplasm divides creating 2 haploid cells. each cell contains one pair of hte homologous pairs
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prophase 2
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nuclear envelope disolves and spindle forms
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metaphase 2
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chromosomes line up along the center of the cell like mitosis
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anaphase 2
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centromeres divide and sister chromatids which are now chromosomes split and move to opposite ends of the cell
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telophase 2 and cytokinesis
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cytoplasm divides and 4 different haploid cells are created
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test corss
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cross in which an individual whose phenotype is domoinant but whose genotype is not known is crossed with a homosygous recessive individual
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somatic cells
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body cells (not reproductive)46
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gametes
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sex cells (egg and sperm)23
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binary fission
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form of asexual reproducton that makes identical offspring
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genes
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segment of dna that codes for a protein
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chromosome
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structure found in the nucleus that contains one long strand of dna wrapped around proteins (forms as cell prepares to divide)
c |
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chromatids
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2 exact copies of DNA that make up each chrom.
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centromere
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point of attachment between 2 chromatids
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes similar in size shape and genetic information *one comes from mom and one comes from dad
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diploid
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2n=46 in humans -cell with 2 sets of chromosomes (somatic cells)
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haploid
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n=23 - cell with one set of chromosomes (gametes)
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zygote
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fertilized egg cell
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fertilization
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fusion of 2 haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote
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autosomes
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chromosomes not involved in determining sex (22 pairs)
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sex chromosomes
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chromosomes involved in deterning sex (1 pair-x and y chromosomes)
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humans missing 1 of 46 chromosomes
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DIE
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humans with 3 copies of one chromosme
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trisomy
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karyotype
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a photograph of chromsomes in a dividing cell that shows chromosomes arragned by size (helps to detect abnormalities)
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disjunction
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each chromosome and its homologue separate when a sperm and egg are formed
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nondisjunction
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when chromosomes fail to separate so a gamete gets 2 copies of a chromosome and not just one
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deletion
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piece of a chromosome breaks off
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duplicatoin
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chromosome fragment attaches to homologous chromosome which will now have 2 copies of certain genes
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inversion
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chromsome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation
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translocation
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chromosome piece attaches itself to a nonhomologous chromosome
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genotype
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set of alleles that an individual has
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phenotype
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physical appearance of a trait
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homozygous
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a genotype when two alleles of a particular gene are the same (BB or bb)
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heterozygous
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a genotype when two alleles of a particular gene are different (Bb)
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complete dominance
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one alllele is completely expressed while the other may have no observable effect on the organisms appearance
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dominant
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a trait that is expressed (in the phenotype( when either one or two copies of the allele are pressetn in the genotype
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recessive
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a trait only expressed when both copies of allele are present in the genotype
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incomplete dominance
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neither allele is completely dominant so if an individual is heteroxygous for the trait, a blending of the trait results
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codominance
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both traits are dominant and expressed in the phenotype at the same time-both traits appear rather than blended together
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moinogenic traits
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physical traits determined by a single type of gene
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polygenic traits w
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when several genes influence a single trait
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phenotypic gene
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one gene influences more than one physical trait
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environmental traits
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many phenotype physical traits are not simpley influenced by genes but are the result of an interaction between genes and the enviornment
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difference between meisosis and mitosis
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2n->2n and 2n = mitosis
2n->n and n ->n n n n = meiosis |