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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Scientific Method?
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A set series of steps for problem solving
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What are the steps in order of the scientific method?
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1. Observation
2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Repeat experiment 6. Theory |
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What is a Law?
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It is not a scientific level, it is a public law.
Enough people need to believe a certain theory to change it to a law. ex: Law of gravity |
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What are the requirements of life?
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1. Life is organized
2. Metabolism occurs 3. Homeostasis 4. Life responds 5. Produce waste 6: Reproduction of life 7. Life evolves 8. Life is made out of water and carbon. |
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Requirements of life
-Life is organized |
Life must be organized and if it becomes un-organized then you are dead.
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Requirements of life
-Metabolism |
All biochemical reactions occurring in a cell.
-anabolic reactions and catabolic reactions -part of metabolism is energy use -w/o metabolism, ou are dead, death is at a metabolic level. |
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What is an anabolic reaction?
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Build things up
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What is a catabolic reaction?
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Tears things apart.
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What is ATP?
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It is the molecule of everything that lives, but you do not need it in every reaction.
-Transports energy within cells for certain metabolic processes. |
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Requirements of life
-Homeostasis |
Level, steady, constant balance.
Ex: Balancing your temp or when you sweat to cool down. |
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The more you move, the more what do you make?
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ATP
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Requirements of life
-Life responds |
Movements and behaviors
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Requirements of life
-Produce waste |
Metabolic waste, when you eat food it is outside of the body (donut hole)
ex: Urine is metabolic waste |
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Requirements of life
-Reproduction of life |
Do not need this to stay alive!
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Requirements of life
-Life evolves |
Not a requirement to stay alive
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Requirements of life
-Made out of water and carbon |
Carbon turns water into life.
Carbon organizes water to make it life. |
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If you have failure of requirements of life then you are?
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Biologically dead or
Non living |
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when are you considered Biologically dead?
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Dead when the last cell goes.
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What is considered non-living?
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You never have all of the characteristics of life
ex: air, water |
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What is evolution?
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The change of life over time
-A requirement of life -An ongoing process |
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Who were the first to organize life from simple to complex?
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Ancient Greek's, before Darwin's time.
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What is fixation?
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A church concept
Thought that whatever happened on the sixth day is the same as it is now. Same animals, rocks, ect. |
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When does education occur outside of the church?
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1600-1700
Church weakens and science blossoms. |
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Who is Linnaeous?
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He did not believe in evolution
Father of classifying organisms (Classification) |
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Who is Buffon?
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French scientist
First person to state that evolution may occure Doesn't believe in fixation |
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Who is Hutton?
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English scientist
Father of geology Come up with 3 statements 1- Change is normal 2- The world is older than we thing 3- Don't take the bile as a literal source. |
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Who is smith?
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Was an engineer, dug ditches
Loved fossils and rocks and came up with stratification (earth has layers) Gives us direction of time. |
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Who is cuvier? What was his theory?
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French scientist
Against revolution Theory: Based on catastrophes, things have changed, but at the hand of God. Father of paleontology (Fossils) Believed in fixation Won debate against Lamark |
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Who is Lamark? What was his theory?
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French scientist
Had two ideas -Universal wheel -Inhearatance of acquired characteristics Was for evolution Lost debate |
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What is the Universal wheel?
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A direction in evolution organisms are evolving up latter.
ex: Monkey to man Lamarks theory |
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What is inheritance of acquired characteristics?
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Traits changing because you inherit them.
ex: draft neck getting longer and longer Also Lamarks theory |
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What was Charles Chuck Darwin originally studying in school? what did he end up studying and how did he become a scientist?
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To be a doctor but then dropped out and studied theology, got picked to travel on british boat and choose him because he knew a lot of science.
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What did Darwin not understand and try to explain?
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He did not understand variation
Tries to explain why there is so many organisms |
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Who was the other man that came up with same theory as Darwin but many years later with less information?
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Alfred Wallace
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What is Charles Darwin's theory?
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1. More organisms are born than can ever survive.
2. organisms will vary in form and behavior. 3. Variation is inherited 4. adaptive traits, ex: off spring is faster, stronger, taller, ect. Traits that will give you an advantage 5. Survival of the fittest, chances of surviving can increase with certain traits 6. Natural selection, Off springs of parents represent survivors. |
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Important points of evolution
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1. Time
2. Variation 3. environment 4. Competition 5. Mutation |
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Important points of evolution
-Time |
Need time because you need generations.
The faster you have babies, the faster you move on. |
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Important points of evolution
-Variation |
The more variation the faster you can change.
Death or choice of not having babies takes you out of this. |
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Important points of evolution
-environment |
Give you direction, where you are/ where you live make you, you. Must keep up with environmental pressure, either survive it or die.
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Important points of evolution
-Competition |
Part of survival of the fittest.
ex: competing for food |
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Important points of evolution
-Mutation |
One of the biggest factors.
Mutation will be challenged by environment A change of DNA that typically isn't good but sometimes can be. |
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How can you tell if something is the same species?
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Mate the two species, and if they have offspring they are the same species.
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how do you know if something is a different species?
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Mate them and if there is no offspring then not the same species.
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What is speciation?
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The creation of new species.
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Steps for speciation?
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1. you need reproductive isolation (geography separates species)
2. environmental pressure 3. Time (time to reproduce) |
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What is the 2 wave theory of human evolution?
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Humans evolved in West Africa.
Then went through middle ease asia and Europe. Then ice age occurs and cuts off Africa from middle east. Eventually they speciate. Ice age goes away, and second waves starts migration. First wave causes speciation, and second wave knocks out first wave. |
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What are we made out of?
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Carbon and water.
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99% of life is made up of how many different atoms?
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6
Carbon Hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur |
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All of the atoms that make up life are similar why?
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All do covalent bonds
All require electrons Small, stable Make double bonds H CANT MAKE BOND BECAUSE IT ONLY HAS ONE ELECTRON. |
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What is water?
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The vast majority of all living things
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What are characteristics of water?
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-It acts like a solid for a liquid because hydrogen is bonded to hydrogen
-Without stability, life can not occur -Water has high cohesion, adhesion and surface tension. -Water has a high resistance to temperature change. -Hard to change the state of water. Takes alt of energy because hydrogen sticks to itself -Water makes environment stable and body stable . |
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When is water dences?
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at 4 degrees centigrade.
This says that liquid is denser than solid, and this is why ice floats. |
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What is cohesion?
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Stick to yourself (because it has charge)
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What is adhesion?
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Sticks to other things (because it has charge)
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What is surface tension?
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Holds to itself
needed for water to go up plants. ex: little straw, more surface tension. |
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What is a solvent?
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Dissolves solute, anything that dissolves
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What is a solute?
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Anything that gets dissolved
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What is the sphere of hydration?
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It is reffered to this when the solvent is water, and the ions will be covered in this.
ex: Water surrounding salt, salt is (+) so it is surrounded with negative on inside and positive on outside |
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What is Hydrophobic?
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Fear of water, things with no charge and do not dissolve things
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What is hydrophilic?
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Water loving because it has a charge and will dissolve.
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If a PH scale has more OH-, it it more an acidic or base?
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Base
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If PH scales has more H+, is it more acidic or base?
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Acidic
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What numbers are acidic, base, and neutral?
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Acidic: 1-6
Base: 8-14 Neutral: 7 |
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What make you acidic or base?
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The concentration of ions.
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The greater concentration of hydroxide ions the more acidic or base?
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Base
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How is the PH balanced?
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By homeostasis
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What is a buffer?
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Biologically keeps you at correct PH level
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What is a quantum leap?
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Electrons moving from orbital to orbital and can go up or down.
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What is electron excitation?
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Exciting electron moving from orbital to orbital but only goes up.
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How old is the universe?
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20 billion years old
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What is the Big Bang Theory?
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all things were squished together and got so full it exploded. then below 2500 degrees C, atoms start to form
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What is the simplest atom?
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Hydrogen
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What does form give you?
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function
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What is an element
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Something that cannot be broken down and contains the same characteristics.
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What is the smallest unit of an elements?
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Atom
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Atoms are made up of what three particles?
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Protons (+)
Neutrons (Neutral) Electrons (-) |
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What is the atomic #?
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The number of protons
gives you your unique characteristics protons make you what you are |
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What is atomic mass?
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Weight of nucleus, electrons virtually have no mass.
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How is energy brought into life?
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By photosynthesis, deals with electron movement.
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What are isotopes?
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Atoms that vary in neutron number.
Having the wrong number of neutrons makes you unstable, then will change to become stable which will release radiation. |
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Carbon dating
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Is destructive because you have to burn a piece of the object to find out half life.
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Biochemical tracers?
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radioactive tracers, used to figure out bio chemistry
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radioactive isotopes for treatments
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Radiation is generally not safe, but it is used for x-rays, imaging and treatment for cancer. used for cell death.
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What are ions?
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Something that has unusual number of electrons.
Ions are everywhere There weight does not change, because electrons do not weigh anything. Ions are important for reactivity. |
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what is ionic bonding?
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Transfer of ions from one orbital to another. Opposites attract, when outside orbital is not full.
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What is covalent bonding?
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Sharing electrons in a new orbatal, it is partially (-) and (+)
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What are two types of covalent bonding?
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Polar and non polar
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Non polar covalent bond
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a bond between two nonmetal that have the same electronegativity and therefor have the same equal sharing of the bonding electron pair
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polar covalent bond
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A bond between two nonmetal that have different electronegativity, therefore have unequal sharing of electron pairs.
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Hydrogen bond
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Weakest out of all three bonds
Strength is not high but the number of hydrogen is enormous. Created because you have a polar molecule. |
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What are the two different ways hydrogen is bonded?
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Covalent bond and hydrogen bond.
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