Bio Lecture 8

Front 1

What is metabolism?

Back 1

the sum of all the chemical transformations taking place in an organism.

Front 2

How does the metabolism obtain energy and what does it do with it?

Back 2

obtain chemical energy by capturing solar energy or breaking down energy-rich nutrients

convert nutrient molecule into molecules needed for cellular functions

Front 3

What is degradation?

Back 3

Catabolism - releases energy

Front 4

What is synthesis?

Back 4

Anabolism - requires energy

Front 5

What is catabolism?

Back 5

a series of oxidation steps (loss of electrons)

Front 6

What is anabolism?

Back 6

a series of reduction steps (gain of electrons)

Front 7

Most energy-->least energy

Back 7

methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, carbon dioxide

Front 8

What is involved in the direct burning of sugar?

Back 8

large activation energy overcome by the heat from a fire. All free energy is released as heat; none is stored.

Front 9

What is involved in the stepwise oxidation of sugar in cells?

Back 9

small activation energies overcome at body temperature owing to the presence of enzymes. Activated carrier molecules store energy

Front 10

What is the simplified metabolism process?

Back 10

Fats go to fatty acids and glycerol; polysaccharides go to glucose and other sugars; proteins go to amino acids...all of those go to acetyl Coa which then goes into the citric acid cycle which gives off CoA, 2 CO2, and 8e-. The 8e- goes into oxidative phosphorylation which converts O2 into H2O and spits out an ATP

Front 11

What happens with the conversion back and forth between ATP and ADP?

Back 11

Oxidation of fuel molecules or photosynthesis is used to generate ATP, which is then used for motion, active transport, biosynthesis, and signal amplification (converts back into ADP).

Front 12

Synthesis and degradation are often coupled with what?

Back 12

enzymatic reactions

Front 13

If energy charge is high?

Back 13

The ATP-generating pathway decreasing, and the ATP-utilizing pathway increasing

Front 14

What is the formula for Energy charge?

Back 14

(ATP+1/2ADP)/(ATP+ADP+AMP)

Front 15

The change in a coenzyme, NAD+ or NADP+, is coupled to the change in what?

Back 15

the main substrate of an enzymatic reaction.

Front 16

What is the simplified process for Glycolysis and cellular respiration?

Back 16

glucose to pyruvate to pyruvate oxidation with O2 present to the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain.

Front 17

What is the simplified process for Glycolysis and fermentation?

Back 17

glucose to pyruvate to fermentation with O2 absent to lactate or alcohol

Front 18

What is the full glycolysis process?

Back 18

glucose--(hexokinase; ATP to ADP)-->Glucose-6-phosphate--(phosphohexose isomerase)-->fructose-6-phosphate--(phosphofructokinase; ATP to ADP)-->Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate--(aldolase)-->[dihydroxyacetone phosphate-isomerase-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate]--> 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate--(triose phosphate dehydrogenase; 2P and 2NAD+ to 2NADH and H+-->2 molecules of 1,3, Bisphosphoglycerate--(phosphoglycerate kinase; 2ADP to 2ATP)-->2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate--(phosphoglyceromutase)-->2 molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate--(enolase; 2H2O comes out)-->2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate--(pyruvate kinase; 2 ADP to 2ATP)-->2 molecule of pyruvate

Front 19

Each glucose yields what?

Back 19

2 pyruvate, 2ATP, 2NADH+2H+

Front 20

Glycolysis input and output?

Back 20

input: 1 glucose molecules(6 carbons); 2 ATP molecules

output: 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbons); 4 ATP molecules; 2NADH (+ 2H+) molecules

glucose is oxidized; NAD+ is reduced; substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 21

What happens in pyruvate oxidation?

Back 21

pyruvate--(NAD+ to NADH and H+ and CO2 [coenzyme A also come in here])--> Acetyl Coa

This is catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

Front 22

Describe the Lactic Acid fermentation process.

Back 22

Glucose --(2ADP and 2P to 2ATP; 2NAD+ to 2NADH and 2H+)--2 pyruvate--(2NADH and 2H+ to 2NAD+)-->fermentation; 2 lactic acid

Front 23

Describe the Alcoholic Fermentation process

Back 23

Glucose --(2ADP and 2P to 2ATP; 2NAD+ to 2NADH and 2H+)--2pyruvate-->fermentation; 2 Acetylaldehyde--(2NADH and 2H+ to 2NAD+; 2CO2 comes off)--> 2 Ethanol

It occurs in some yeasts and plant cells under anaerobic conditions.

Front 24

Why is fermentation needed?

Back 24

To keep glycolysis going when oxygen supply is limited.

Front 25

Cancer cells are usually under oxygen deficient conditions. They need to elevate glycolysis to keep going. How do they do that?

Back 25

Under hypoxia conditions, HIF-1 is activated which causes blood vessel growth and metabolic adaptation (increase in glycolytic enzymes)

Front 26

High blood glucose and high level of energy production lead to the release of what?

Back 26

insulin from B-cells of pancreas

The elevated ATP levels block the potassium channel which activates the calcium channel. Increased calcium leads to insulin release.

Front 27

Regulation of glycolysis at irreversible steps in muscle...

Back 27

PFK regulation by AMP/ATP ration; hexokinase inhibition by Glucose-6-P; pyruvate kinase inhibition by ATP, activation by Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Front 28

Regulation of glycolysis at irreversible steps in liver...

Back 28

Feed forward regulation PFK by Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate-made when glucose in blood is high; Additional hexokinase like enzyme called glucokinase-High glucose Km; pyruvate kinase is inhibited by phosphorylation when blood glucose is high

Front 29

Glycolysis is what and gluconeogenesis is what?

Back 29

glycolysis is energy generating and gluconeogenesis is energy regulating.

Front 30

Fructose 2,6, bisphosphate is a unique regulator for what?

Back 30

PFK

Front 31

A double edged sword: Phosphofructokinase 2 and Fructose2,6, bisphosphate phosphatase are what?

Back 31

two enzymes in the same polypeptide

Front 32

Glucagon stimulates what when what is scarce. What is activated. What is inhibited and what is stimulated.

Back 32

PKA...blood glucose...FBPase 2...glycolysis...gluconeogenesis

Front 33

High levels of what stimulates what? what is activated. What is stimulated, and what is inhibited.

Back 33

fructose 6-hosphate...phosphoprotein phosphatase...PFK2...glycolysis...gluconeogenesis

Front 34

What is the difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Back 34

Gluconeogenesis is the glycolysis backwards except when it goes from pyruvate to oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate