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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amphipathic
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Having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Lipid molecules are amphipathic |
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Membrane Structure
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Membranes are not just lipid bilyaers - most membranes are 50% protein
Transport and signal transduction Fundamental backbone = lipid bilayer, which is formed spontaneously Driven by the hydrophobic interactions of lipid molecules |
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Fatty Acid Structure
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FA make up the hydrophobic core of membranes
Saturated and unsaturated FA |
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Unsaturated FA
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Not the max amount of hydrogen molecules
carbon-carbon double bonds are formed Produces a kink in the FA back bone |
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Cis Unsaturated
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Hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond
Cis is more kinked then trans |
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Hydrogenation
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Converting unsaturated FA to saturated FA
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Desaturase
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An enzyme that adjusts membrane fluidity
Introduces double bonds Desaturase expression decreases and temperature increases |
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Membrane Proteins
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Components that span the hydrophobic core and produce a channel through which molecules can move
Alpha helixs minimize the charges of the backbone Made up of non polar AA |
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Diffusion
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Occurs from high to low concentration
Entropically driven and passive transport |
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Passive Transport
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Not driven by energy
Two types: facilitated and simple |
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Simple Diffusion
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Small nonpolar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are soluble in the hydrophobic interior
Small uncharged molecules such as water or glycerol are able to move acorss the membrane even though they are polar |
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Help by protein complexes
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Active Transport
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Going against the concentration gradient from low to high concentration
Energy dependent |
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Proteasomes
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Large protein complexes inside all eukaryotes and archaea that degreade useless proteins
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Relationship between gene, transcript abundance and protein abundance
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One gene makes alot of mRNA, transcript abundance is high, alot of protein molecules are made and then protein abundance is high
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Types of fat in butter and margarine
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Butter = saturated
Margarine = trans fat |
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CFTR
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Cystic fibrosis is caused from a mutation in the CFTR gene
Deltra F508 is a deletion mutation that is present in 70% of all CF cases |
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CFTR physiology
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Lungs are made of epithelial cells with cillia that allows us to cough
Cillia must stay moist CFTR pumps chloride into the lining An ABC that uses active transport Chloride moves H2O by osmosis If CFTR isnt working, the lining becomes dry |
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ABC Transporters
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Transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to function
Transport, translation of RNA and DNA repair |
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Why is CF so common?
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Cholera outbreaks were very common in Europe
Cholera causes death by a loss of electrolytes and liquid If you are a carrier of CFTR you dont lose quite as much liquid by diarrhea Carrier has a higher chance of surviving bc they dont transfer as much water out of epithelial cells. |
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Fate of Delta F 508 Mutation
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1) Affects trans membrane domain so the chloride cant get through the channel
2) A defect in the ATP binding domain and ATP cant bind ***Problem is with processing in the ER ...It is tagged as defective and the ER degrades it The protein is functional, it just never reaches the plasma membrane because of the ER |
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ISOTYPE
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term that refers to genetic variation within
a family of proteins or peptides so that every member of the species will have each isotype respresented in its genome |
