Bio Lecture

Front 1

Age of the Earth

Back 1

4.5 billion years old

Front 2

first life on earth

Back 2

3.5 billion years ago

Front 3

oldest definite eukaryotic microfossil

Back 3

1.5 billion years ago

Front 4

first multicellular organism

Back 4

900 million years ago

Front 5

first dinosaurs

Back 5

200 million years ago

Front 6

first homo sapiens

Back 6

160,000 years ago

Front 7

compound microscope

Back 7

uses light and glass lenses to see small structures. different colors are visible (max magnification=2000x)

Front 8

electron microscope

Back 8

uses a beam of electrons instead of light to see small structures. produces black and white images only

Front 9

transmission electron microscopes

Back 9

used to view the inside of objects (max magnification= 1,000,000x)

Front 10

scanning electron microscope

Back 10

used to view the surface of objects (max magnification= 100,000x)

Front 11

inner membrane

Back 11

1 membrane that makes up the nuclear envelope

Front 12

outer membrane (connected to the ER)

Back 12

1 membrane that makes up the nuclear envelope

Front 13

Nuclear pores

Back 13

the nuclear envelope contains many of these pores

Front 14

nuclear pore

Back 14

permits certain molecules to pass through the nuclear envelope

Front 15

transport vesicles

Back 15

bud from ER and delivers products to the Golgi (cis face)

Front 16

secretory vesicles

Back 16

bud from Golgi and fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell (transface)

Front 17

lysosomes

Back 17

bud from the Golgi; contain powerful enzymes used to digest imported substances or worn-out organelles

Front 18

food vesicles

Back 18

bud from plasma membrane; used to take substances into the cell; fuse with lysosomes for digestion of the imported substances

Front 19

peroxisomes

Back 19

bud from themselves by growing and dividing; break down fatty acids and amino acids, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced by this breakdown and and is toxic to cells. peroxide in liver cells break down alcohol and other toxins

Front 20

fission

Back 20

breaking apart

Front 21

fusion

Back 21

coming together

Front 22

mitochondrion

Back 22

Front 23

chloroplast cell

Back 23

Front 24

Plant Cell

Back 24

Front 25

Animal Cell

Back 25

Front 26

Phosophlipid

Back 26

Front 27

phosophlipid bi-layer

Back 27

Front 28

plasma membrane

Back 28

Plant Cell, Animal Cell, Bacteria
controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

Front 29

nucleus (nuclei)

Back 29

Plant Cell, Animal Cell
isolates and stores DNA (genetic material)

Front 30

nucleolus (nucleoli)

Back 30

Plant Cell, Animal Cell
Makes ribosomes

Front 31

ribosomes

Back 31

Plant, Animal, Bacteria
makes protein

Front 32

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 32

Plant, Animal cell
has many ribosomes temporarly attached to the outer surface. provides surface for making secretion proteins.
i.e of secretion proteins: enzymes. hormones, and anitbodies

Front 33

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 33

plant, animal cell
has no attachment ribosomes. makes and transports lipids and carbohydrates

Front 34

golgi apparatus (enzymes, antibodies, hormone)

Back 34

plant, Animal cell
discover by Camillo Golgi. a stack of separate compartments. products recieved from ER are processed and packaged for delivery. each sac in the stack contains different enzymes

Front 35

mitochondrion (mitochondria)

Back 35

Plant, Animal Cell
power house of the cell. produces ATP from energy stored in food. ATP powers many cell processes.

Front 36

chloroplast (green)

Back 36

Plant Cell
photosynthesis

Front 37

cell wall

Back 37

Plant, Bacteria cell
gives structual support and keeps cells from bursting under low salt condition

Front 38

vacuole

Back 38

Plant, Animal Cell
the large central vacuole in plant cells pushes all organelles close to the cell surface. this improves membrane transport efficiency and gives structual support to the cell. other vacuoles can be used for storage (fat vacuole_ water disposal (contractile vacuole) and digestion (food vacuole)

Front 39

centriole

Back 39

Animal Cell
unknown

Front 40

cytoskeleton

Back 40

Plant, Animal Cell
a network of protein fibers found in the cytoplasm. used to reinforce, organize, and move cell structures. can be used for cell movement (cell crawling)

Front 41

cilia

Back 41

Plant, Animal Cell

cell movement or moving liquid over the cell surface

Front 42

flagella (flagellum)

Back 42

Plant, Animal, Bacteria Cells
cell movement. are fewer in number than cilia and generally longer

Front 43

capsule

Back 43

Bacteria

allows bacteria to attach to surface and protects then from host defenses

Front 44

nucleiod

Back 44

Bacteria Cell

an area where the DNA is concentrated inside a prokaryotic cell

Front 45

Factors of passage through the plasma membrane

Back 45

size, polarity (lipid solubility), electrical charge

Front 46

what helps passage through the plasma membrane

Back 46

• small size
• nonpolar, hydrophobic (lipid soluble)
• neutral charge

Front 47

what hinders passage through the plasma membrane

Back 47

• bigger sizes
• polar, hydrophilic, (lipid insoluble)
• positive or negative charge

Front 48

transport proteins

Back 48

carrier proteins and channel proteins

Front 49

carrier proteins

Back 49

• specific molecules enter the protein
• protein make a shape change and molecule is released on the other side of the membrane

Front 50

channel proteins

Back 50

serve as tunnels for certain substances to cross the membrane

Front 51

gated channels

Back 51

a certain channel protein has gates that open and close to permit or block the passage of specific ions

Front 52

aquaporins

Back 52

specialized channel protines that allow water molecules to cross a cell membrane

Front 53

exocytosis

Back 53

(out of cell) vesicles in the cytoplasma membrane fuse with it and have their contents released to the cells surroundings. the vesicles used in this process are called secretory vesicles

Front 54

endocytosis

Back 54

(into the cell) a region of the plasma membrane encloses particles at or near the cell surface and then pinches off to form a vesicles that moves into the cytoplasm

Front 55

phagocytosis

Back 55

type of endocytosis cell eating transports solids into a cell. food vesicles are formed by this process

Front 56

pinocytosis

Back 56

type of endocytosis
cell drinking
transports liquids into a cell

Front 57

receptor- mediated endocytosis

Back 57

use receptors found on the membrane surface to bind specific substances and transport them into the cell

Front 58

sodium potassium pump

Back 58

• allows cells to maintain a low internal concentration of Na+
• high internal concentration of K+

(active transport)

• the pump perform these 6 steps 100 times per second
• needed to maintain nerve cell voltage
• drive other transport processes

Front 59

Na+K+ pump step 1

Back 59

three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the carrier

Front 60

Na+K+ pump step 2 (phosphorylation)

Back 60

ATP adds a phosphate group to the carrier protein. this causes the protein to change shape

Front 61

Na+K+ pump step 3

Back 61

with the new shape the sodium ions now face the cell exterior. the ions dont bind as well to the new shape and they are released to the outside

Front 62

Na+K+ pump step 4

Back 62

the new shape will allow two potassium ions to bind from the outside

Front 63

Na+K+ pump step 5 (dephosphorylation)

Back 63

the binding of the potassium ions causes the phosphate group to be released.

Front 64

Na+K+ pump step 6

Back 64

once phosphate group is released the protein returns to it's original shape.