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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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minimum you must know
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hwat traits are used to define land plants
what are the key trends that allow plants to be successful on earth what are the phyla of land plants - how are they related -what characteristics are used to differentiate each of the phyla - embryophytes, tracheophytes, spermatophytes, and anthophytes alteration of generations - explain the trend from dominate gamete producing generation to spore producing generation - explain seeds, pollen, woody tissues, double fertilization |
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evolution of plants is highlighted by two important landmarks
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evolution of seeds, which lead to the gymnosperms and angiosperms, the plants that dominate most modern landscapes
emergence of the importance of seed plants to animals, specifically to humans |
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basic definition o vascular platens
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seed plants that produce seeds
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3 important reproductive adaptations
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continued reduction of the gametophyte
advent of the seed evolution of pollen |
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sporophyte
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dominant generation; delicate female gametophyte and young embryos are rotected; retained within the moist sporangia of the parental sporophyte
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gametophyte dependent upon and attached to _______ are even more _______-
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sporophyte; reduced
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angiosperms and gymnosperms
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all are heterosporous and seed bearing
oldest seed structures evolve in late Devonian plants have megaphylls |
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gymnosperm
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single fertilization
diploid endosperm uniparental female ganetophyte mainly woody oldest living trees: bristlecone pine 5000 years old most massive ( 375 ft tall, 41 ft wide )- metasequoia |
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angiosperm
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double fertilization
triploid endosperm biparental |
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evolution of the seed
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200 mya- spores were the main way plants spread
seed: sporophyte embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat all seed plants are heterosporous megasporangia produce megaspores, which give rise to female ( egg- containing ) gametophytes microsporangia produce microspores |
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pollination
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transfer of pollen from microsporangia to stigma or ovule
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wind pollination
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ancestral ( all gymnosperms)
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animal pollination
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derived for angiosperms
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fertilization
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fusion of egg and sperm> embryo
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adaptive significance of the ovule and seed
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can grow in drier places than ferns
gametophyte protected embryo protected seed stores food for embryo to begin growth seeds allow for dispersal of the plant |
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microspores
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released from the microsporangium, develop into pollen grains
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pollination
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wind or animal mediated
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evolution of pollen
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reduced male gametophyte
reduced dependence on water for reproduction |
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evolutionof seeds
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consist of embryo packed w/ a food supply and coat
develop from ovules on the scales of female cones |
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seeds of gymnosperms
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lack of protective enclosure
unlike flowering plants |
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pollen in gymnosperms
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pollen is wind distributed
pollination occurs when male pollen germinates forming pollen tube |
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primary growth
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occurs in apical meristems of shoots and roots results in increase in length
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secondary growth
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results in increase in width and strength
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