Bio Lecture 2

Front 1

* Nutrient sources both inorganic and Organic

Back 1

* (Light, CO2)
* (Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, DOM)
*

Front 2

nutrients for?

Back 2

* N for amino/nucleic acids
* P for ATP and Phospholipids
* Nitrogen usually limiting but leaning towards PO4 in Atlantic (climate change?)

Front 3

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Back 3

* reater physiological diversity; eukaryotes more morphological
* Archaea and Bacteria no nucleus or membrane bound cells

Front 4

Main picoplankton

Back 4

* essentially everything

Front 5

Main Nanoplankton

Back 5

* flagellates, mostly small phytoplankton

Front 6

Main Microplankton

Back 6

* ciliates, dinoflagellates, diatoms

Front 7

Major groups of phytoplankton, small to big

Back 7

cyanobacteria

* prochloroccus - between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
* Eukaryotic picoplankton (Chloroccus)
* Nanoflagellates, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates
*

Front 8

* 4 Groups of Nanoflagellates
*

Back 8

* Prymnesiophytes (coccolithophorids), Cryptophytes, prasinophytes, chlorophytes

Front 9

* Diatom Characteristics

Back 9

* silicaeous skeleton (frustule), large cell vacuole, pennate and centric), contributors to carbon flux??

Front 10

Why Silicaeous skeleton?

Back 10

* buoyancy control, grazer deterrent, buffer function
* causes need for many buoyant lipids
* Silic acid limiting factor for necessary opal

Front 11

pennate motion

Back 11

* move on plasma strands that are exerted and absorbed, essentially shoot out water as propulsion
*

Front 12

diatom blooms

Back 12

spring, temperature ocean, characteristic Chlorophyll C

Front 13

* fluorescent microscope

Back 13

1979,

* shine blue light; chlorophyll shows red

Front 14

* Pfisteria piscicida

Back 14

* toxic, eat blood from fish gills (killing them)
* red tide causing dino

Front 15

* Alexandrium -

Back 15

* produces saxitoxin; chemical weapon potency

Front 16

some other red tide whirlers

Back 16

* gymnodium, gonyaulax

Front 17

Coccolithophores

Back 17

* Prymnesiophytes (nanoflagellates)
* major constituent of chalk, like warmer seas and low light, widespread

Front 18

* Isochrysis

Back 18

Nanoflagellates,

* Prymnesiophytes
* feed alga in aquaculture
*

Front 19

* Phaeocystis

Back 19

nanoflagellates,

* Prymnesiophytes
* bloom forming alga, foam on sea surface (blobs as grazing defense)

Front 20

* Chrysophyles

Back 20

nanoflagellates

* internal siliceous spicules, yellow brown chloroplasts, cold water
*

Front 21

* Prasinophyte

Back 21

nanoflagellates, ostreococcus

* smallest eukaryote (.8 um), early simple branch of chlorophytes (1 plast, 1 mito)
* genetically diverse, very abundant 300,000/mL vs bacteria at 1x10^6/mL
*selenoezymes (selenium)

Front 22

DCM

Back 22

* enough light for photosynthesis but also nutrients from mixing
* can’t be seen from satellite

Front 23

* Cyanobacteria, pigment and 6 types

Back 23

* phycoerythrin
* trichodesmium, Synechoccus, prochlorococcus (divinyl chlorophyll), Crocosphaera, Richelia, Calothrix

Front 24

trichodesmium

Back 24

* cyanobacteria
* photosynthesize but day, fix nitrogen by night
* strands during blooms conglomerate into colonies of puffs/tufts
*

Front 25

* Synechoccus

Back 25

* cyanobacteria
* 50% of oceanic phototrophic biomass (not nitrogen fixing)

Front 26

* Prochlorophytes

Back 26

cyanobacteria

* Chlorophyll b (plants but not cyanobacteria) and membrane bound chloroplasts at first appeared to be missing link
* one of most abundant organisms on earth
*

Front 27

* Crocosphaera

Back 27

* diazotroph (nitrogen fixing), tropical, 2-4 um
* cyanobacteria

Front 28

* Richelia/ Calothrix

Back 28

cyanobacterias

* diazotroph, endosymbiant in eukarytoic phytoplankton (diatoms)
* - diazotroph, ectosymbiont on diatoms

Front 29

carbon fixation

Back 29

* reduction of CO2 to reduced organic compounds
*

Front 30

* Simplified light reaction
*

Back 30

* P680 (in thylakoid) uses light to split water and lift electron into higher orbit (energy)
* Actively transported to 700, converts ADP to ATP, received another photon and added electrons converts NAD into NADPH

Front 31

Calvin benson cycle

Back 31

* Uses NADH and ATP to reduce CO2
* Rubisco fixes CO2 to ribulose and then breaks into two chains of 3
* Further reduced then Ribulose reforms

Front 32

* RuBISCO

Back 32

* slow reaction, most abundant protein on earth
* bifunctional: photosynthesis and photorespiration
* gene expression influenced internally (developmentally and circadian), by light, and availability of CO2

*Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

Front 33

best method of measuring primary production

Back 33

carbon fixation

* Add bicarbonate to sample and incubate
* filter and dry over HCL fumes (drives off inorganic carbons)
* measure radioactivity of remaining C - 14 using scintillation counter
* also oxygen evolution, related

Front 34

carboxylation

Back 34

* using CO2 to make organic compounds
*

Front 35

* Fluorescence (method of measuring primary production) types an estimates

Back 35

* Pump and Probe, Fast Repetition Rate, Pulse Amplitude Modulation
* when it’s maxed fluorescence increases
* doesn’t work very well
*

Front 36

fourth method of measuring primary production

Back 36

* growth

Front 37

murein

Back 37

* important component of bacterial cell wall

Front 38

flagella attached to

Back 38

rhizoplast, striated fibers

Front 39

golgi body

Back 39

flattened membranous system involved in secretion

Front 40

thylakoids

Back 40

layers of membrane inside chloroplast parallel to surface of cell

Front 41

movement of pennates (2)

Back 41

cytoplasm streams along along raphes (openings)

move against solid surface or one another

Front 42

actin

Back 42

contractile protein important to motile functions

Front 43

cell division in diatoms

Back 43

inside old frustule until two protoplasts

controlled by silica acid availability

Front 44

three groups of dinoflagellates

Back 44

unarmored gymnodiniales

armored peridiniales and dinophysiales

-really a gradual series

Front 45

pellicle

Back 45

constituted of cell membrane externally and underlain by flattened vesicles

epicone ahead of the cingulum (center ridge)

hypocone behind

Front 46

dinoflagellate eating

Back 46

with shells shoot out a pallial sac that brings food in

naked insert prey by insertion into prey of a tubular peduncle

Front 47

pusule

Back 47

sac with pink fluid in dines, possible osmoregulation

Front 48

zooxanthellae

Back 48

symbiotic dinos

Front 49

2 virus facts

Back 49

control blooms

species specific

Front 50

photosynthesis possible because of ?

which most abundant

Back 50

light absorbing pigments

chlorophyll a key in all except prochlorococcus

Front 51

drives biosynthesis

Back 51

ATP and to a lesser extent NADPH