Bio Lec 1

Front 1

bio definition

Back 1

scientific study of life + living organisms; biodiversity of life; inquiry of nature of living organisms

Front 2

characteristics of living organisms

Back 2

cellular organization

energy processing/metabolism

regulation/homeostasis

reproduction

growth + development

response to environment

evolutionary adaptation

Front 3

Bio is organized into a _______ of levels, each more complex than the previous ones.

Back 3

HIERARCHY

Front 4

Biological Levels of Organization

Back 4

1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystem

3) Community

4) Population

5) Organism

6) Tissue

7) Cell

8) Organelle

Front 5

Reductionism

Back 5

breaking something larger into smaller parts; reducing complex systems into smaller components

Front 6

Systems Biology

Back 6

interactions of different systems

answering larger questions

focuses on a WHOLE biological system

change in one variable can affect other components

Front 7

Organisms interact with one another and with the physical environment to...

Back 7

help regulate the ecosystem AS A WHOLE.

ex: An elephant's defecation provides nutrients to a plant.

Front 8

The ____ is the basic unit of structure and function.

Back 8

CELL

Front 9

Cell Theory

Back 9

all cellular organisms are composed of cells

they come from pre-existing cells

Front 10

MODERN cell theory

Back 10

all living organisms are made up of 1 OR MORE cells

all cells arise from pre-existing cells

Front 11

Negative feedback loop

Back 11

PROHIBITS production of a product

ex: blood glucose levels

Front 12

Positive feedback loop

Back 12

INCREASES production of a product

ex: childbirth

Front 13

Evolution= Core theme of bio

Back 13

evolve change over time

genetic structure

some ind's are more likely to survive (genetics)

Front 14

Father of Taxonomy

Back 14

LINNAEUS-

hierarchal system

binomial nomenclature

Front 15

Example of unity & diversity

Back 15

Humans & paramecium both have similar cilia (ours in windpipe)

Front 16

3 domains

Back 16

ARCHAEA

BACTERIA

EUKARYA

Front 17

3 subdomains of Eukarya

Back 17

plant, fungi, animals

Front 18

The 3 eukarya domains are distinguished by their modes of nutrition-->

Back 18

Plant--> sugars

fungi--> dissolved nutrients

animals--> food

Front 19

Comparitive anatomy

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ANATOMY DICTATES ABILITY

closely related organisms have more similar chromosomes

Front 20

____ provides a way to test evolutionary hypotheses.

Back 20

DNA

Front 21

Evolutionary history can be confounded by (2):

Back 21

A loss of traits

Convergence (closely related organisms)

Front 22

Inductive Reasoning

Back 22

Based on evidence

Front 23

Deductive Reasoning

Back 23

based on known information----> "if..., then..."

Front 24

5 Steps of the Scientific Method

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1) Observations

2) Develop a hypothesis

3) Prediction

4) Experiment/Analysis

5)Conclusion

Front 25

A hypothesis that fails a test is...

Back 25

Rejected & considered disproven

Front 26

A hypothesis that passes is...

Back 26

supported, but NOT PROVEN

Front 27

Example of wrong hypothesis by scientists.

Back 27

Believed that giraffes had long necks in order to eat leaves.

Found that males with longer necks survive fights more; long necks = an aspect of sexual selection.

Front 28

Darwin's 1st observations (3):

Back 28

1) individuals in a population have varying traits

2) populations can produce far more offspring on their own

3) species are generally ADAPTED to their environments

Front 29

Darwin's Theory

&

Relation of Unity & Diversity to them

Back 29

EVOLUTION ("Descent with Modification"):

Species that lived at the same time rose from ancestors that were different from them

Unity: kinship among species

Diversity: evolved modifications

Front 30

Topics Darwin focussed on (3):

Back 30

1) How organisms are adapted to their environments

2) Many shared characteristics of life (UNITY)

3) RICH DIVERSITY of life

Front 31

Pattern (evolution)

Back 31

pattern of evolutionary change is revealed by data from many scientific disciplines (bio, geo, phys, chem)

Front 32

Process

Back 32

mechanisms that produce observed patterns of change

natural causes of natural phenomena

Front 33

Aristotle's evolution approach

Back 33

species= unchanging, each is perfect and has its own spot on the "scale of nature"

Front 34

Carolus Linnaeus' evolution approach

Back 34

binomial nomenclature

classified organisms

Front 35

Use & Disuse

Back 35

parts of the body that are used extensively become larger & stronger; while those that are no slowly deteriorate (vestigial structures)

Front 36

artificial selection

Back 36

humans modify species by selecting & breeding individuals that possess desired traits

Front 37

homology

Back 37

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Front 38

convergent evolution

Back 38

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

Front 39

analogous structures

Back 39

share similar function but not common ancestry

Front 40

reciprocal cross

Back 40

breeding experiment done to test parental sex on a given inheritance pattern

Front 41

alternation of generations

Back 41

fluctuations between haploid and diploid cells going thru mei

Front 42

aneuploidy

Back 42

having the wrong # of chromosomes

Front 43

synapsis

Back 43

pairing of 2 homologous chromosomes

Front 44

crossing over

Back 44

between prophase 1 & metaphase 1

homologous chromosomes pair up + exchange different genetic material segments to form recombinant chromosomes

Front 45

nondisjunction

Back 45

failure of chromosomes to separate