Bio Last Lab Final

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Animals are

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- multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes

- lack cell walls

- have specialized cells/tissue

- nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique to animals

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parthenogenesis

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eggs and embryos develop without fertilization

ex. aphids

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Budding

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Production of new individuals from external tissue or cells of the parent

ex. phylum cnidaria (jellyfish, hydra, obelia, corals

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Life cycle of Obelia

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Simple life cycle

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The embryo develops directly into a form that resembles adult

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Complex life cycle

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Contains stages that do not resemble the adult form (larval stages)

ex. metamorphosis

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Cleavage

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- fertilization is followed by cleavage, a period of rapid cell division without growth

- cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells called blastomeres

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Initial stages of cleavage (simple animals)

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Differentiation in to germ layers (complex animals)

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ectoderm - skin, nervous system, epithelial lining of mouth and rectum

endoderm - epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory and reproductive system

mesoderm - skeletal muscle, circulation and lymphatic sys.

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These are animals too

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sea anemone, jellyfish, sponge

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cnidarians

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medusa, polyp

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flatworms

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nematodes

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annelids

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earthworm

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echinoderms

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starfish

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mollusks

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clam, snail, octopus

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arthropods

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centipdes, insects, tarantulas

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evolutionarily significant changes in animals

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1. specialized tissue

2. type of symmetry and number of germ layer

3. cephalization

4. body cavity (coelom)

5. fate of blsatopore (protosotomes vs deuterostomes)

6. types of skeleton

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classification based on symmetery

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asymmetrical

radial symmetry (2 germs layers)

bilateral symmetry (3 germs layers)

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classification based presence of a head (cephalization)

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cephalization: concentration of sensory and feeding structures

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classification based on body cavity (coelom)

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coelom: a body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

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classification based on the fate of blastopore

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classification based on type of skeleton

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1. hydrostatic skeleton: fluid-filled body cavity surrounded by muscles. Muscles contract to against the fluid and facilitated movement (starfish, earthworm, polyp, etc)

2. exoskeleton: an external skeleton made up of chitin that supports and protects the animal

3. endoskeleton: an internal skeleton that supports the animal

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Summary of invertebrate characteristics

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Front 25

Characteristics of mollusks

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1. Gills for gas exchange – first animals to develop specific organs to exchange gas.

2. Open circulatory system (for most) and digestive system (with stomach)

3. Radula for scraping food

4. Soft body (for most) with muscular foot

5. Mantle – secrets material that hardens into shell for protection

6. Sexual reproduction

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Three classes of mollusks

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bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods

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class bivalves

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1. Two shells - held together by strong adductor muscle

2. Muscular foot specialized for digging

3. Not cephalized

4. Open circulatory system

5. Underdeveloped nervous system

6. Filter feeders

e.g. clams

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General Anatomy of Bivalves

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class gastropods

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1. Move by contraction of foot

2. Single shell (except for slugs)

3. Cephalized

4. Presence of tentacles with eyes at the top

5. Usually herbivores – use radula to scrape food

6. Open circulatory system

e.g. snails, slugs

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general anatomy of gastropods

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Cephalopods

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e.g. cuttlefish, squid, octopus

1. most advanced - well developed nervous and sensory systems

2. fast moving - propel by ejecting water at high speed using exhalent siphon

3. closed circulatory system

4. no external shell - small internal shell

5. predators

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General anatomy of cephalopods

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Characteristics of Arthropods

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Abdomen, thorax, head (insect)

or abdomen, cephalothorax (crayfish)

1. jointed appendages - modified for different functions

2. segmented body - tagmosis (merging of segments)

3. exoskeleton made up of chitin (shed by molting)

4. open circulatory system

5. drosal brain and ventral nerve cord

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Four major groups of arthropods

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Crustaceans

Arachnids

Myriapoda

Hexapods

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Crustacean

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- mostly aquatic

- scavengers

- well-developed nervous and sensory system (eyes and antenna)

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Hexapods

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- Insects

- More species of hexapods than all other forms combined. live in every terrestrial habitat and fresh water

- three body segments (head, thorax and abdomen)

- undergo metamorphosis

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Adaptation and specialization contributing to success of insects

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- two pairs of wings (highly motile)

- highly reproductive

- social intelligence

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Complete metamorphosis

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Young (larvae) looks completely different from adult

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Incomplete metamorphosis

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Young (nymph) resembles adult and undergoes a series of molts until maturity

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Subphyla of Chordates

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1. Urochordata (invertebrate)

2. Cephalochordata (invertebrate)

3. Vertebrate

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Chordates' defining characteristics

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Notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord, tail

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Notochord

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- a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord

- provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate

- in most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops and the adult only retains remnants of the embryonic notochord (e.g. gelatinous material btwn. the vertebrae)

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Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

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The nerve cord of a chordate embryo develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

The nerve cord develops into the central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord

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pharyngeal gill slits

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- slits that open to the outside of the body

- develop into gills for gas exchange in fish and suspension-feeding devices for filter feeders

- give rise to jaws, ear, larynx and throat in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

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muscular, post-anal tail

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- A tail that extends posterior to the anus

- It provides propelling force in many aquatic species

- In many species, the tail is lost during embryonic development

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Primitive chordates (invertebrates)

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Sea squirts (tunicates)

Lancelet (pictured)

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Milestones in evolution of bony fish

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Sexual maturity (motility) -> Cranium (protection of the brain) -> evolution of vertebral column, jaw and fins (increase motility, protection of vital organs and access to food) -> evolution of bony vertebral column and cranium (extra protection and skeletal support)

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Main evolutionary pressures from moving onto land

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1. extra food source (insects mainly)

2. attempt to avoid predators

3. escape from seasonal drought

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Main adaptations from moving onto land

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1. Development of muscular fins and lungs

2. Development of amniotic egg

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Evolution of tetrapods

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Subphyla of chordates

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INVERTEBRATES

urochordata - sea squirt (tunicates)

cephalochordata - lancelets

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Classification of Mammalians based on reproduction

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1. Monotremes: egg-laying mammals

2. Marsupials: short gestation, premature newborns

3. Placental: long gestation, well developed newborn

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Distinguishing features of mammalians

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1. mammary glands

2. hair

3. large brain size