Bio Last Final

Front 1

The ultimate source of new allelles is
CLINES
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
MUTATION
MICROEVOLUTION
GENETIC DRIFT

Back 1

mutation

Front 2

Protists are alike in that all are

COLONIAL
EUKARYOTIC
SYBIONTS
MONOPHYLETIC
AUTOTROPHIC

Back 2

eukaryotic

Front 3

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaian island have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?
POSTZYGOTIC
BEHAVIORAL
GAMETIC
HABITAT
TEMPORAL

Back 3

behavioral isolation

Front 4

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?
LION
TIGER
WOLF
DOMESTIC CAT
LEOPARD

Back 4

wolf

Front 5

Euglenids are both autotrophs and heterotrophes

Back 5

TRUE

Front 6

What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans?
DEUTERSTOME CONDITION
SOME KINDS OF EXOSKELETON
PSEUDOCOELOM
AGILE, SPEEDY, POWERFUL LOCO
DIPLOBLASTIC CONDITION

Back 6

some kind of exoskeleton

Front 7

Which of the following organisms are deuterostomes?
A. molluscs
B. annelids
C. echinoderms
D. chordates
E. both C and D

Back 7

e

Front 8

Of the annelid classes below, which have externally segmented bodies?
A. Oligochaeta
B. Polychaeta
C. Hirudinea (leeches)
D. all three of these
E. two of these

Back 8

d

Front 9

What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans?
A. an amniotic egg
B. unpaired fins
C. an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors
D. a mostly cartilaginous endoskeleton
E. lack of jaws

Back 9

d

Front 10

Which of these is not considered an amniote?
A. amphibians
B. nonbird reptiles
C. birds
D. egg-laying mammals
E. placental mammals

Back 10

a

Front 11

No urinary bladder, females with one ovary, no teeth
A. amphibians
B. nonbird reptiles
C. chondrichthyans
D. mammals
E. birds

Back 11

e

Front 12

A pseudocoelomate organism
A. could be an Oligochaete worm
B. has no body cavity
C. is not an animal
D. has a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
E. none of the above

Back 12

e

Front 13

Trematodes are characterized by all of the following except:
A. autotrophic
B. high reproductive rate
C. adhesion organs for attaching to a host
D. complex life cycles with sexual and asexual stages
E. none of the above

Back 13

a

Front 14

Nautilus are members of which Class?
A. Cephalopoda
B. Bivalvia
C. Gastropoda
D. Scaphopoda
E. Polyplacophora

Back 14

a

Front 15

____________________ are vertebrates that have jaws.
A. lancelets
B. hagfishes
C. decapods
D. chelicerates
E. gnathostomes

Back 15

e

Front 16

Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?
A. spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
B. spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
C. spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus
D. radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus
E. radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth

Back 16

b

Front 17

The benefits of territoriality include ___________.
A. Rights to defend a home range
B. Increased reproductive success
C. Energy investment in staking out and defending the area
D. Monogamy
E. Pair bonding

Back 17

b

Front 18

Which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is correct?
A. Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.
B. An animal may show behavior that maximizes reproductive fitness.
C. If a behavior is less than optimal, it is not completely evolved but will eventually become optimal.
D. A and B only
E. A, B, and C

Back 18

d

Front 19

Which of the following statements about ecology is incorrect?
A. Ecologists may study populations and communities of organisms.
B. Ecological studies may involve the use of models and computers.
C. Ecology is a discipline that is independent from natural selection and evolutionary history.
D. Ecology spans increasingly comprehensive levels of organization, from individuals to ecosystems.
E. Ecology is the study of the interactions between biotic and abiotic aspects of the environment.

Back 19

c

Front 20

Experts in deer ecology generally agree that population sizes of deer that live in temperate climates are limited by winter snow. The deer congregate in "yarding" areas under evergreen trees because venturing out to feed in winter is energetically too expensive when snowfall depths accumulate to above 40 cm. Deer often stay yarded until the spring thaw. Snow depth over 40 inches for more than 60 days results in high mortality due to starvation.
This observation best illustrates which of the following principles about factors that limit distribution of organisms?
A. Abiotic factors, such as weather extremes, ultimately limit distribution.
B. Organisms will face extinction unless they adapt to conditions or evolve new mechanisms for survival.
C. Environmental factors are limiting not only in amount but also in longevity.
D. Daily accumulations in snow depth gradually add up to cause increased deer mortality.
E. Temporary extremes in weather conditions usually result in high mortality in the deer population.

Back 20

c

Front 21

Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity?
A. the energy contained in the standing crop
B. the energy used by heterotrophs in respiration
C. the energy used by autotrophs in respiration
D. the energy fixed by photosynthesis
E. all solar energy

Back 21

c

Front 22

All skeletal muscle fibers are both
A. smooth and involuntary.
B. smooth and unbranched.
C. striated and voluntary.
D. smooth and voluntary.
E. striated and branched.

Back 22

c

Front 23

When air temperature exceeds their body temperature, jackrabbits living in hot, arid lands will
A. dilate the blood vessels in their large ears.
B. constrict the blood vessels in their large ears.
C. increase movements to find a sunny area.
D. bask in a sunny, exposed area.
E. begin involuntary shivering of their skeletal muscles.

Back 23

b

Front 24

sodium-potassium pump

Back 24

sodium out, potassium in

Front 25

The surface of on the neuron that discharges synaptic vesicles is the
dendrite, axon hillock, node, postsynaptic membrane, presynaptic membrae

Back 25

presynaptic

Front 26

Neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap is accomplished by
A. the movement of sodium and potassium ions from the presynaptic into the postsynaptic neuron.
B. impulses traveling as electrical currents across the gap.
C. impulses causing the release of a chemical signal and its diffusion across the gap.
D. impulses ricocheting back and forth across the gap.
E. the movement of calcium ions from the presynaptic into the postsynaptic neuron.

Back 26

c

Front 27

What happens when a neuron's membrane depolarizes?
A. There is a net diffusion of Na+ out of the cell.
B. The equilibrium potential for K+ (EK) becomes more positive.
C. The neuron's membrane voltage becomes more positive.
D. The neuron becomes less likely to generate an action potential.
E. The inside of the cell becomes more negative relative to the outside.

Back 27

c

Front 28

Integration of simple responses to certain stimuli, such as the patellar reflex, is accomplished by which of the following?
A. spinal cord
B. hypothalamus
C. corpus callosum
D. cerebellum
E. medulla

Back 28

a

Front 29

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic actions, or opposing actions are
A. motor and sensory.
B. sympathetic and parasympathetic.
C. presynaptic and postsynaptic.
D. forebrain and hindbrain.
E. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Back 29

b

Front 30

Which of the following activities would be associated with the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?
A. rest and digestion
B. release of both acetylcholine and epinephrine
C. increased metabolic rate
D. fight-or-flight response
E. release of epinephrine only

Back 30

a

Front 31

Which system controls smooth and cardiac muscles of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory systems?
A. central nervous system
B. peripheral nervous system
C. autonomic nervous system
D. parasympathetic nervous system
E. sympathetic nervous system

Back 31

c

Front 32

What controls the heart rate?
A. neocortex
B. medulla
C. thalamus
D. pituitary
E. cerebellum

Back 32

b

Front 33

Which area of the brain is most intimately associated with the unconscious control of respiration and circulation?
A. thalamus
B. cerebellum
C. medulla
D. corpus callosum
E. cerebrum

Back 33

c

Front 34

Which of the following regulates body temperature?
A. cerebrum
B. cerebellum
C. thalamus
D. hypothalamus
E. medulla oblongata

Back 34

d

Front 35

Which processes in animals are regulated by circadian rhythms?
A. sleep cycles
B. hormone release
C. sex drive
D. A and B only
E. A, B, and C

Back 35

e

Front 36

The motor cortex is part of which part of the nervous system?
A. cerebrum
B. cerebellum
C. spinal cord
D. midbrain
E. medulla

Back 36

a

Front 37

The establishment and expression of emotions involves the
A. frontal lobes and limbic system.
B. frontal lobes and parietal lobes.
C. parietal lobes and limbic system.
D. frontal and occipital lobes.
E. occipital lobes and limbic system

Back 37

a

Front 38

The pathway leading to the perception of sound by mammals begins with the
A. hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the basilar membrane, coming in contact with the tectorial membrane.
B. hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the tympanic membrane, coming in contact with the tectorial membrane.
C. hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the tectorial membrane, coming in contact with the basilar membrane.
D. hair cells of the organ of Corti coming in contact with the tectorial membrane as a result of fluid waves in the cochlea causing vibrations in the round window.
E. hair cells on the tympanic membrane that stimulate the tectorial membrane neurons leading to the auditory section of the brain.

Back 38

a

Front 39

Which of the following contains mechanoreceptors that react to low frequency waves in much the same manner as our inner ear?
A. our sense of taste
B. pain receptors
C. receptors for light touch
D. lateral line systems
E. eye cups of Planaria

Back 39

d

Front 40

The axons of rods and cones synapse with
A. ganglion cells.
B. horizontal cells.
C. amacrine cells.
D. bipolar cells.
E. lateral cells.

Back 40

d

Front 41

Which of these stimulate the production of red blood cells?
A. low-density lipoproteins
B. immunoglobulins
C. erythropoietin
D. epinephrine
E. platelets

Back 41

c

Front 42

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize which of the following?
A. endocytosis
B. blood pressure
C. diffusion
D. active transport
E. osmosis

Back 42

c

Front 43

Why is the respiratory system of a bird more efficient than the human respiratory system?
A. The bird respiratory system does not mix exhaled air with inhaled air.
B. A bird lung contains multiple alveoli, which increases the amount of surface area available for gas exchange.
C. The human respiratory system ends in small parabronchi, which reduce the amount of surface area available for gas exchange.
D. Only B and C are correct.
E. A, B, and C are correct.

Back 43

a

Front 44

Which of the following is a characteristic of both hemoglobin and hemocyanin?
A. found within blood cells
B. red in color
C. contains the element iron as an oxygen-binding component
D. transports oxygen
E. occurs in mammals

Back 44

d

Front 45

How does the hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals?
A. The oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear.
B. Hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide.
C. Hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron.
D. The protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal.
E. Hemocyanin includes cyanic acid.

Back 45

c

Front 46

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?
A. the lungs of a vertebrate
B. the gills of a fish
C. the tracheal system of an insect
D. the skin of an earthworm
E. the parapodia of a polychaete worm

Back 46

c

Front 47

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.
A) hyperosmotic; freshwater
B) isotonic; freshwater
C) hyperosmotic; saltwater
D) isoosmotic; saltwater
E) hypoosmotic; saltwater

Back 47

d

Front 48

Osmoconforming sharks take in water, as needed,
A) by migrating to freshwater rivers to drink fresh water.
B) via osmosis, as their body cells are slightly hyperosmotic to seawater.
C) via active transport of water across the cells on their gills.
D) by water diffusion from seawater, which is hyperosmotic to the fluids in their cells.
E) by selective transport of water molecules across the wall of the gut.

Back 48

b

Front 49

Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in
A) flatworms.
B) earthworms.
C) insects.
D) vertebrates.
E) cnidarians.

Back 49

a

Front 50

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the
A) formation of filtrate at an excretory structure.
B) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate.
C) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.
D) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure.
E) expulsion of urine from the body.

Back 50

c

Front 51

The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in
A) a neuron in the spinal cord.
B) a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex.
C) a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus.
D) a brain cell in the cerebral cortex.
E) a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes.

Back 51

c

Front 52

The endocrine glands include the
A) parathyroid glands.
B) salivary glands.
C) sweat glands.
D) sebaceous glands.
E) gallbladder.

Back 52

a

Front 53

Which cells and which signaling molecules are responsible for initiating an inflammatory response?
A) phagocytes: lysozymes
B) phagocytes: chemokines
C) dendritic cells: interferons
D) mast cells: histamines
E) lymphocytes: interferons

Back 53

d

Front 54

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity that can be nonspecific about which pathogens are prevented from harming its metabolism. Which of the following is most likely to function this way in the insect's intestine?
A) complement
B) lysozyme
C) mucus
D) neutrophils
E) dendritic cells

Back 54

b

Front 55

Clonal selection implies that
A) brothers and sisters have similar immune responses.
B) antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes.
C) only certain cells can produce interferon.
D) a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors.
E) the body selects which antigens it will respond to.

Back 55

b

Front 56

What is the primary function of humoral immunity?
A) It primarily defends against fungi and protozoa.
B) It is responsible for transplant tissue rejection.
C) It protects the body against cells that become cancerous.
D) It produces antibodies that circulate in body fluids.
E) It primarily defends against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells.

Back 56

d