Bio Lab Test 1

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a way of gathering and testing info used by many people, but especially in science

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scientific method

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measurable observation

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objective

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observer-specific observation

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subjective

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description of steps in a scietific investigation

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protocol

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the part of the experiment in which all factos are the same as the test group, except that the factor being tested is left in its normal, unmanipulated state

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control

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the variable being manipulated; the "cause"

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independent variable

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the variable whose results are being tested; the "effect"

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dependent variable

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Why was a control used for the Microbe experiment?

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To be sure that the bacteria growing were from the sampled environment

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cells with true nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

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eukaryotes

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unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus

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prokaryotes

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when bacteria convrt nitrogen from the atmosphere into forms that can be used by plants

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nitrogen fixation

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bacteria are _______________ because they break down dead plants and animals, and thereby return the organic material to the system to be used by other organisms.

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decomposers

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a type of autrophic bacteria that use light as their energy source

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photosynthetic bacteria

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bacteria that obtain their energy from the oxidation of inorganic substances

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chemosynthetic bacteria

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How are photosynthetic bacteria different from plants?

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they lack chloroplasts, they do not use water as a source of electrons for their photosynthetic process, and their photosynthetic pigments are different in structure

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rod-shaped bacteria

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bacilli

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small spheres of bacteria

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cocci

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corkscrew-shaped bacteria

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spirilla

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cyanobacteria is also called ____________________

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blue-green algae

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How are cyanobacteria different from other photosynthetic prokaryotes?

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they posses chlorophyll a and use water in their photosynthetic process, producing oxygen

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Gloeocapsa

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clumps of green unicellular form cyanobacteria surrounded by a gelatinous sheath

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Oscillatoria

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filaments of the Colonial form of cyanobacteria

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eukaryotic, heterotrophic, generally multicellular, but still microscopic and often found on bacterial cultures

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Fungi

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an easily viewed fungi found on grains and fruits

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yeasts (Saccharomyces)

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bacteria that forms 2-3 mm wide, moist-looking colonies that are opaque off-white or sometimes yellow

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Stephylococcus

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bacteria that forms tiny colonies less than 1 mm wide, transparent, and barely off-white in color

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streptococcus

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eukaryotic, heterotrophic, generally multicellular, but still microscopic and often found on bacterial cultures

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Fungi

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an easily viewed fungi found on grains and fruits

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yeasts (Saccharomyces)

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bacteria that forms 2-3 mm wide, moist-looking colonies that are opaque off-white or sometimes yellow

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Stephylococcus

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bacteria that forms tiny colonies less than 1 mm wide, transparent, and barely off-white in color

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streptococcus

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eukaryotic, heterotrophic, generally multicellular, but still microscopic and often found on bacterial cultures

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Fungi

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tiny hair-like structures made of microtubules that often cover the entire surfaces of cells. Used for locomotion in paramecium.

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cilia

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composed of microtubules (like cilia) but are much longer and beat in a wave-like manner. Can be found in Euglena and Volvox

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flagella

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form of motility in which cells use false feet which extend from the body and then pull the rest of the cell along. microtubules act to anchor and pull cell structures during movement

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pseudopodia movement

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a complex carbohydrate polymer in cell walls

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cellulose

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unique double membrane-bound organelles

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plastids

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cellular shrinkage occurring as a result of a cell being exposed to a hypertonic solution

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plasmolysis

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plantae kingdom, has a cell wall and moving chloroplasts (cytoplasmic streaming), vacuoles

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elodea

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implies that chloroplasts, along with mitochondria, were once themselves prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by and, through evolutionary processes, developed a symbiotic relationship with their host cells

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endysymbiont theory

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belongs to the Division (Chlorophyta) which is the most complex representative of colonial green algae. cells outside it are biflagellate. outer cells are connected by cytoplasmic strands and entire colony is surrounded by a thin mucilaginous layer. reproductive cells produce daughter colonies

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Volvox

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unicellular organism with both plant and animal characteristics. Contains chlorophyll a and b, but not completely autotrophic

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euglena

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allows you to view plasmolysis because the vacuoles shrink

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onion cell

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easy to obtain, feature prominent nuclei, form a protective layer, little extracellular material b/t cells

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human epithelial cells