Bio Lab Final

Front 1

D. Cell Theory

Back 1

The fundamental principle of Biology. IT states that all living things organisms are composed of cells, and all living cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division

Front 2

D. Prokaryotic Cell

Back 2

A unicellular organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria, and other membrane bound organelles

Front 3

D. Eukaryotic Cells

Back 3

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and whose DNA is bound together by proteins into chromosomes

Front 4

What are two other names for Plasma Membrane?

Back 4

Cell Membrane and Plasmalemma

Front 5

All cells are surrounded by a _________ __________.

Structure of the Plasma Membrane?

Back 5

All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.

Front 6

What is the structure of a plasma membrane?

Back 6

Phospholipid bilayer and in which are embedded protein and cholesterol molecules

Front 7

Structure of - Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 7

a network of interconnecting flattened sacs, tubes and channels, and is continuous with the nuclear envelope

Front 8

Rough E.R. and smooth E.R. are ___________ with eachother.

Back 8

continuous

Front 9

Structure of the Nucleus

Back 9

this is the repository of information in the form of DNA and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope

Front 10

Mitochondria - structure and function

Back 10

S - consists of an outer and inner membrane, with folds called cristae

F - uses enzymes to help make ATP for cellular respiration

Front 11

Structure and Function of - Chloroplasts

Back 11

S - enclosed by an inner and outer membrane

F - The contain chlorophyll; The stroma and thylakoid membranes play important roles in photosynthesis

Front 12

S and F - Golgi apparatus

Back 12

S - flattened membranous sacs

F - modifies and packages proteins for secretion or for destinations in the cell.

Front 13

Define cyclosis in plant cells, and why it occurs

Back 13

cyclosis is a directed steaming of the cytosol inside the cell. It occurs to transport materials and organelles around the cell.

Front 14

Define Plasmolysis

Back 14

the shrinking of the cytoplasm away from the cell wall due to exosmosis

Front 15

List 4 ways that plant cells and animals cells differ

Back 15

1. plant cell has cell wall, animal cell does not

2. plant cell has large vacuole, animal cell has small or no vacuole

3. plant cell has chloroplasts, animal cell does not

4. Animal cells have a flagella, plant cells do not, unless they are gametes

Front 16

All cells are bounded by a selectively ____________ ____________ _____________ that regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

Back 16

Permeable Plasma Membrane

Front 17

Name 3 things that biological membranes are composed of

Back 17

phospholipid bilayers

proteins

carbohydrates

Front 18

Carbohydrates attach to ________ or _________ molecules on the outside surface of the membrane

Back 18

lipid or protein

Front 19

The colour of the Beet root is due to __________ ___________ , ____________(red-violet) and _______________(yellow-orange), which are dissolved in the cell sap of the _______________.

Back 19

The colour of the Beet root is due to betalain pigments , betacynin(red-violet) and betaxanthin(yellow-orange), which are dissolved in the cell sap of the vacuoles.

Front 20

What happens to a beet cell when it is put in hot water?

Back 20

the membrane and tonoplast that hold in the colour pigments pass the plasma membrane of the cell

Front 21

What device can quantify the relative amount of betacyanin pigments that leak from beet cells?

Back 21

A spectrophotometer

Front 22

The amount of light absorbed from the beet pigment is proportional to the ________________ of pigments that have been leaked out of the cell.

Back 22

Concentration

Front 23

When a beet is previously frozen, why might it leak more pigment than a room temperature beet?

Back 23

The frozen beet cells crystallize and puncture the cell membrane

Front 24

What is the difference between discrete and continuous data?

Back 24

Discrete Data have finite values. Continuous data technically have an infinite number of steps, which form a continuum.

Front 25

Plants occur both in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Most of these plants, especially those that live on land, are __________ plants

Back 25

Vascular

Front 26

Name 3 types of vascular plants

Back 26

Ferns

Conifers

Flowering plants

Front 27

Most of the non-vascular plants are found in ___________ and __________ environments.

Back 27

aquatic and moist

Front 28

Varied habitats for plants provide challenges such that special adaptations for ____________, _____________ and __________ absorption, and ________________ serve the plants in their survival.

Back 28

Varied habitats for plants provide challenges such that special adaptations for attachment, nutrient and water absorption, and reproduction serve the plants in their survival.

Front 29

Back 29

1. node

2. internode

3. vegetative shoot

4. blade

5. petiole

6. axillary bud

7. stem

8. shoot system

Front 30

What are the functions of the following?

1. Apical Bud

2. Node

3. internode

4. vegetative shoot

5. blade

6. petiole

7. axillary bud

Back 30

1. Develops leaves

2. leaf attachment

3. stem segments between nodes

4. makes leaves, not flowers

5. surface area for photosynthesis

6. joins the leaf to the stem at the node

7. forms lateral shoots(branches)

Front 31

Name the 3 Tissue systems of plants

Back 31

Dermal, Vascular, and Ground

Front 32

What are the cell types in:

1. Dermal tissues

2. Vascular tissues

3. Ground tissues

Back 32

1. epidermal cells

2. xylem and phloem

3. parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Front 33

The arrangement of plant parts and distribution of tissue systems is different in the two subgroups of __________________. The ___________ and the _____________.

Back 33

angiosperms, monocots, eudicots

Front 34

The plant body composed of primary tissue develops from a seed via growth regions, called __________________.

Back 34

meristems

Front 35

What are non-woody plants called?

Back 35

herbaceous

Front 36

The dermal tissue system is protected by what?

Back 36

cuticle

Front 37

Function of - Roots

Back 37

anchor to substrate and absorption of water and solutes

Front 38

Leaves are generally flat, exposing a large surface area to light, and ideally adapted for photosynthesis. Both surfaces are lines with flat ___________ cells and perforated with a ___________ that allows for __________ exchange and ____________ _________ ______.

Back 38

epidermal
stomata
gaseous

evaporation water loss

Front 39

(Leaves cont'd)

Between the epidermal layers is the ___________ tissue made up of _____________ cells and generally called the _______________.

Back 39

Ground

parenchyma

mesophyll

Front 40

1. Plants must have _________ to survive

2. plants lose a vast amount of ______ through _______ ______ _______.

3.plants must conserve ______ so they will not _____ and die.

4. plants must get most of this water from the ______ via absorption by the _________.

5. the water has to be transported from the ______ to the ________.

Back 40

1. water

2.water, evaporation water loss

3. water, wilt

4. soil, roots

5. roots, leaves

Front 41

Transport in plants involves _______ different levels.

Back 41

three

Front 42

Explain the three different levels of transport in plants.

Back 42

1. the uptake and release of solutes by individual cells.

2. short-distance transport of substances from cell to cell.

3. long distance transport of sap within xylem and phleom in the whole plant

Front 43

Physiological processes that take place in plants, such as photosynthesis and respiration, require ___________ either as a __________ or a ____________.

Back 43

water, reactant, medium

Front 44

What pushes water upward against gravity in root pressure?

Back 44

osmotic uptake

Front 45

____________ cells that surround the stomatal pore continuously regulate ____________________ and _____________ .

Back 45

Guard, photosynthesis, transpiration

Front 46

Function of the Stomata

Back 46

Allow for the passage of gases in leaves

Allow escape of water vapour in leaves

Front 47

Name 4 factors that influence stomatal opening

Back 47

1. light

2. CO2 concentration

3.Water balance

4. circadian rhythm

Front 48

The majority of living organisms are dependent on the process of ________________ to transform the ____________ ____________ of the sun into usable _____________ ____________.

Back 48

photosynthesis

radiant energy

chemical energy

Front 49

Organisms that undergo photosynthesis are called _____________

Back 49

phototrophs

Front 50

What is the general formula for photosynthesis?

Back 50

6CO2 + 6H20 + Light >< C6H1206 + 602

Front 51

The photosynthetic pigments are responsible absorbing the light that is used in photosynthesis.

The major photosynthetic pigments are called the _____________.

Back 51

Chlorophyll

Front 52

How does the intensity of light affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Back 52

Increase in light intensity = increase in photosynthesis rate

Front 53

Osmoregulatory processes control the ___________ and _______ balances in organisms living in _______________, ________________, or _______________ environments.

Back 53

water, salt, hypertonic, hypotonic, terristrial

Front 54

_______________ plays a key role in homeostasis.

Back 54

osmoregulation

Front 55

Another function of osmoregulation is keeping the _____________ of ________________ from building up and poisoning the body fluids.

Back 55

by-products, metabolism

Front 56

Define

1. isosmotic

2. hypoosmotic

3. hyperosmotic

Back 56

1. solutions of equal solute concentrations

2. solution with a lesser concentration of solute

3. solution with the greater concentration of solute

Front 57

Animal cells swell and may _________ if they are in an hypoosmotic environment.

Back 57

burst

Front 58

Many marine invertebrates are osmoconformers. Osmoconformers are ___________ with their environment, and do not need to actively change their _____________.

Back 58

isosmotic, osmolarity

Front 59

Animals that are not isosmotic with their environment are called ___________________.

Back 59

osmoregulators

Front 60

Animals such as the bony fishes which are hypoosmotic to their envirnoment must continuously take in water to balance _____________ _______.

Back 60

osmotic loss

Front 61

Excess water in a freshwater paramecium is eliminated out of the body by two ________________ ___________________.

Back 61

contractile vacuoles

Front 62

What happens to the rate of contraction in a freshwater paramecium's vacuoles after adding drops of salt water solution to its environment?

Back 62

it increases

Front 63

Describe the route blood takes in the mammalian pulmonary circuit starting from the right ventricle and ending in the right ventricle. (11 steps)

Back 63

1.contraction of the right ventricle pumps blood into the lungs

2. via the pulmonary arteries

3. flowing through capillary beds in the left and right lungs. It loads O2 and unloads CO2. Oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs via the lumonary veins into

4. the left atrium. Next the oxygen rich blood flows into the

5. left ventricle, which pumps O2 rich blood out to the body tissues through the systemic circuit. Next, blood leaves the left ventricle

6. via the aorta, which conveys blood to arteries leading throughout the body. The first branches leading from the aorta are the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle itself.

7. Then, branches lead to capillary beds in the heads and arms. The aorta then descends into the abdomend