Bio Lab Chp. 13 & 14

Front 1

ABO blood group alleles are

Back 1

codominant. A and B are but not the recessive allele i.

Front 2

There are A-type glycoproteins

Back 2

on the surface of the red blood cells of a person with A-type blood.

Front 3

There are B-type glycoproteins

Back 3

on the surface of the red blood cells of a person with B-type red blood cells.

Front 4

A person with AB type blood

Back 4

has both A & B glycoproteins on the surface of the red blood cells.

Front 5

A person with O type blood

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has neither A or B glycoproteins on the surface of the red blood cells.

Front 6

The immune system only makes antibodies against

Back 6

what it does not know or recognize

Front 7

A person with B-type blood makes antibodies

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against the A-type protein because it is unknown

Front 8

The A allele is

Back 8

IA

Front 9

B allele is

Back 9

IB

Front 10

The recessive allele

Back 10

is i

Front 11

Rh (rhesus) factor is:

Back 11

a protein on the surface of the red blood cells, either you have it (Rh+) or not(Rh-)

Front 12

Punett squares are used

Back 12

to predict possible outcomes from various combinations of sperm and eggs

Front 13

DNA is composed of:

Back 13

sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases attached to the sugars

Front 14

Adenine pairs with:

Back 14

thyamine

Front 15

Cytosine pairs with:

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guanine

Front 16

Genetics:

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The science of heredity and variation in living organisms.

Front 17

Genes:

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A hereditary unit made up of a section of DNA within the genome of an organism and determines a characteristic of that organism. Most genes encode for proteins. Mendel called genes “factors”.

Front 18

Alleles:

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Humans are diploid organisms. This means that humans carry two copies of each gene; one copy from the father’s genome and one copy from the mother’s genome. Together, these sets of genes are called alleles.

Front 19

Genotype:

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Describes the genetic makeup of an individual organism. Describes the allelic make-up of an individual, the genetic coding capacity.

Front 20

Phenotype:

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Describes the observed qualities (physical appearance) of an individual organism. The genotype of an organism (the inherited genetic coding capacity) does not accurately define how the organism actually appears. Instead, due to the fact that some genes are dominant over others, it is necessary to observe the physical appearance of an organism to define how its genotype relates to its physical qualities, or phenotype.

Front 21

Dominant Alleles:

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Always mask the expression of the recessive allele.
Three possible genotypes are associated with the inheritance of traits that are simply dominant or recessive. Homozygous dominant (AA), heterozygous (Aa), and homozygous recessive (aa).

Front 22

Blood Types:

Back 22

Blood type O is recessive, blood types A and B are co-dominant. This is the most important blood group system for blood transfusions. The ABO blood type is determined by the type of antigen found on the surface of the red blood cell.

Front 23

Rh factor:

Back 23

The most important Rh factor (there are five factors in total) is called RhD. Most people are classified as either being RhD positive or negative. Hence human blood types are commonly referred to as O+, A+, B+, AB+, or O-, A-, B-,AB-.

Front 24

Hemolytic disease of the newborn:

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Hemolytic comes from two words: hemo (blood) and lysis (destruction) or breaking down of red blood cells.
Erythroblastosis refers to the making of immature red blood cells.
Fetalis refers to the fetus.

Front 25

Agglutination:

Back 25

the clumping of particles. In a blood type test, the positive results for blood type and Rh will agglutinate or clump.

Front 26

DNA:

Back 26

Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is a double-stranded helix made up of base-paired nucleotides. Each individual nucleotide is held together by a phosphodiester bond. These phosphodiester bonds are found on the outside of the DNA molecule and are often referred to as the ‘backbone’ of the molecule. The two strands of the double helix are held together through hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.

Front 27

Crude Extract of Wheat Germ DNA:

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Use hot water to begin the process of breaking down the cell wall of the wheat germ. Use dish soap to dissolve the cell membranes and release the intracellular contents of the cell into solution. Add ethanol to precipitate the DNA out of the solution.

Front 28

Genetics:

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Law of segregation = traits separate as packets of information.
Law of independent = traits segregate randomly.

Front 29

Gene:

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Sequence of DNA that erodes a protein.

Front 30

Alelle:

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alternative version of same gene.

Front 31

Genotype:

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allele make-up at a single gene.

Front 32

Phenotype:

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what the organism looks like as a consequence of genotype.

Front 33

Dominant Allele:

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Allele that masks the recessive.

Front 34

Recessive Allele:

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Allele that can only be seen in 2 copies where no dominant is present.

Front 35

DNA

Back 35

molecule of heredity.

Front 36

Blood Phenotype (blood group):

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A, B, AB, O

Front 37

Blood Genotype:

Back 37

A = IA IA, IA i
B = IB IB, IB i
AB = IA IB
O = ii