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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Porifera
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sponges- eukaryotic, multicellular, and ingestive-feeding heterotrophs( derive their energy from organic molecules made by other organisms)
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Sponges
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lack tissues and organs, typically asymmetrical
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Grantia
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sessile(attached to substrate) sponges are filter-feeding
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epithelial layer
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flat cells that line walls of sponges- filter seawater and remove food particles
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Spongocoel
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central cavity lined by flagellated cells called chanocytes(collar cells)
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Porocytes
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flagella draw water through pores within
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What produce a constant flow of water into a sponge?
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Choanocytes
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Osculum
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where the filtered water exits at the end of the sponge
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Which is more complex? Spongia or Grantia?
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Spongia has a more complex arrangement of chambers than does Grantia
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Sponge Reproduction
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reproduce asexually and sexually
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Asexual Reproduction
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includes budding and release of stress resistant aggregates of amoebocytes called gemmules
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Sexual Reproduction
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eggs remain in the mesenchyme, but sperm are released into the water and captured by choancytes or amoebocytes of other sponges
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Cnidaria
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class Hydrozoa (hydras)
class Scyphozoa ( jellyfish) class Anthozoa ( anemones and corals) |
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Cnidaria characteristics
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bodies are radially symmetrical and are more complex than sponges
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The body wall's two cellular layers
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ectodermis- outside
endodermis( gastrodermis)- lines the gastrovascular cavity |
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Mesoglea
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separates the two true body layers
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cnidocytes
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stinging cells containingsmall, barbed harpoonlike structures called nematocysts
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Body forms of Cnidarians
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Polyp- mouth surrounded by tentacles atop the cylinder usually substrate
Medusa- "umbrella" free floating mouths point downward surrounded by hanging tentacles |
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polymorphism
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many forms
Cnidarians alternate between Medusa and Polyp stages |
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planula larva
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swimming mass of ciliated
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Cnidiarian criteria
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dominance of polyp or medusa stage in their life cycle
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Gastrovascular cavity (GVC)
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where extracellular digestion occurs
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Which stage dominates Hydrozoa life?
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Polyp stage dominates life cycle
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Hydra
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small, common hydrozoans live in shallow, freshwater ponds They have no medusa stage
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Obelia
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typical hydrozoa it has colonial polyps and free-swimming medusa
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Physalia
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Portugese man of war
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Gonionemus
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hydro with large medusa
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Class hydrozoa representatives
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Hydra
Obelia Physalia Gonionemus |
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Class Scyphozoa representatives
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Aurelia
Cassiopeia Cyanea capillota (one of the largest invertebrates in the world) |
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Scyphozoans
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true jellyfish
gelantinous medusa dominates their life cyle lack velum |
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class Anthozoa representatives
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Metridium
corals sea fans sea pens |
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Anthozoa
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plant animal
dominant sessile polyp typical pharynx and septa most well known |
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Importance: Scyphozoans
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important part of the food web
and clog fishing nets |
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Importance: Anthozoa
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important part of the food web makes the greatest contribution in terms of biodiversity, forming breeding areas for fish
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Platyhelminthes and Nematoda characteristics
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Habitat- marine, fw, terrestrial, and parastic enviroments
triploblastic (three layer) bilateral symmetry |
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acoelmate
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no body cavity
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coelomate
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cavity surrounded by mesoderm true cavity
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pseudocoelmate
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developing body cavity
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flatworm body plan?
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acoelomate
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Phylum Playthelminthes (flatworms
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dorsoventrally compresed and have primitive sense organs
gvs with one opening that is both mouth and anus |
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Playthelmithes classes
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Turbellaria
Trematoda Cestoda |
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Class turbellaria
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free living flatworms inhabit fw, sw, and moist terrstrial enviroments
scavenge and prey on small animals such as daphnia and midges hermaphrodites |
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Phylum Playthelminthes criteria
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habitat
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Turbellaria reps
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Dugesia
Planaria |
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Dugesia(planaria)
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common fw tubellarian
head has lateral lobes and sensory organs called eyespots |
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Trematoda reps
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Fasciola
Schistosoma |
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Class Trematoda
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flukes- infect vertebrates and include both endoparasites (parasites inside their host)
ecctoparasites (parasites on the surface of their host) |
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lack an epidermis and are covered by an acellular but metabolically active epticule
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Trematoda
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epticule
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made of protein and lipids secreted by mesodermal cells and resists digestive enzymes
helps in respiration and absorbing nutrients |
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opisthorchis ( raw or poorly cooked fish)
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Chinese liver fluke, often parasitizes humans in Japan
attaches to bile duct and releases eggs that move through digestive system and exit with the feces |
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fasciola
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sheep liver fluke sucks food through muscular pharynx
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schistosoma
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blood fluke inhabits intestinal veins causes disease schistosomiasis
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intermediate host
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organism harboring immature stages of a parasite
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definitive host
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contains sexually mature, egg laying stages of the life cycle
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dioecious
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separate sex organs
(Schistosoma male has ventral groove female cradles in copulation) |
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Cestoda reps
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dibothriocephalus latus
tapeworms taenia solium |
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Class Cestoda
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tapeworms most specialized
endoparasite-of the gut of vertebrates lack a mouth or digestive tract |
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scolex
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anterior end of tapeworm
adheres to host's intestinal wall with hooks or suckers |
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proglottids
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series of segments behind the scolex and neck
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gravid
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(egg carrying) proglottids
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cuticle
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cover nematods resists digestive enzymes and is permeable only to water, dissolved gas and some ions
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Roundworm advantages
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digestive tract
pseudocoelom complete digestive tract |
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Ascaris
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males are smaller than female and have a hooked posterior end
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Phylum nematoda
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rhabditus
turbatix ascaris trichinella |
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pinworms
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infect intestine and inflame the anus children scratch themselves and put their fingers into mouth
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Protostomes
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include phyla mollusca, annelida, and arthropoda
have well developed nervous, circulatory, excretory, reproductive and digestive systems |
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Deutersome
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include echinodermata, hemichordata, and chordata
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Phylum mollusca classes
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polyplacophora
gastropoda bivalvia cephalopoda |
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mollusks
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snails, clams, octopuses, squis
specialized layer of epidermal cells mantle that secrets a shell |
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Mollusks open or closed circulatory system?
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open(except in cephalopds)
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body plan of mollusks
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visceral mass
foot calcium based shell mantle |
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Class Polyplacophora
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Poly= many placo= plates phora= move commonly called chitons
exclusively marine ventral foot broad oval muscle used to propel chitons slowly herbivores |
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radula
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a horny-toothed organ in the mouth, scrapes food (algae) from rocks (chitons)
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Class Gastropoda
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gastro= stomach poda= foot ( snails
use radula herbivores |
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Class Bivalvia
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bi=two valve= door or shell
marine filter feeders produce pearls |
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What directs water through a clam?
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mantles of the left and right valves join posteriorly to form a ventral incurrent siphon and a dorsal excurrent siphon
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Bivalvia reps
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clams
oysters scallops mussels (zebra) |
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Class Cephalopoda
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cephalo= head poda= foot
marine predators foot modified into tentacles closed circulatory system |
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Cephalopoda reps
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squid
octopus |
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Phylum Annelida
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Segmentd body
closed circulatory system setae- small bristle like appendages |
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Phylum Annelida classes
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Polychaeta
Oligochaeta Hirudinea |
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Annelida criteria
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# of setae per segment
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Class Polychaeta
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Poly= many chaeta= setae
ocean floors or river beds many are commensal (live inside) reproduction= dimorphic and external fertilization |
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How do Polychaetes differ with other annelids?
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they have:
well developed head eye spot each segment bear pair of fleshy appendage called parapodia |
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Parapodia 3 main functions
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swimming
burrowing crawling each one has bristle-like setae on it |
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What two functions does setae serve?
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defense weapon-filled with poison
filter food in some species |
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What three purposes does taxonomy serve?
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Identify known species
name and classify new species demonstrate evolutionary relationships btwn species |
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Class Oligochaeta(earthworm)
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oligo-few, chaeta-setae
fw and moist terrestrial environments reproduction: monoecious but prefer cross fertilization no eyes no parapodia and few setae |
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What is the most obvious external feature of an earthworm?
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clitellum a series of swollen segments at the anterior third of the body
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Where does sperm mature in earthworms?
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mature in seminal vesicles and exit through male gonopores
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Segments of digestive tract are fused and specialized to form a muscular
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pharynx( for suction and ingestion of food), esophagus(for transport of food), crop(for crushing food), and intestine ( for absorption of nutrients)
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Class Hirudinea reps
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leeches
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