Bio. Invitation To Biology (Ch.1)

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emergent properties

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a property of a system that oes not appear in any of its component parts; (ex. cells, which are alive, are composed of many molecules, which are not alive)

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nature

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everything in the universe except what humans have manufactured

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atoms

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particle that is a fundamental building block of matter; consists of varying numbers of electrons, protons, and neutrons

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molecules

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group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

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organisms

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an individual that consists of one or more cells

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cells

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smallest unit with the properties of life-- the capacity for metabolism, growth, homeostasis, and reproduction

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population

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a group of individuals of the same species in a specified area

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community

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all populations of all species in a habitat

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ecosystem

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community interacting with its environment through a one-way flow of energy and cycling of materials

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biosphere

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all regions of earth's waters, crust, and air where organisms live

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energy

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a capacity to do work

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nutrients

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an element type of molecule with an essential role in an individual's survival or growth

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producers

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autotroph; an organism that makes its own food using carbon from inorganic molecules such as C)2. Most are photosynthetic

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photosynthesis

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the metabolic pathway by which photoautotrophs capture light energy and use it to make sugars from CO2 and water

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consumers

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heterotroph that gets energy and carbon by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms

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receptors

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a molecule or structure that can respond to a form of stimulation such as light energy, or to binding of a signaling molecule such as a hormone

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develop

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the process that transforms a zygote into an adult with specialized tissues and, usually, organs

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reproduce

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an asexual or sexual process by which a parent cell or organism produces offspring

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DNA

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decoyribonucleic acid. double stranded nucleic acid twisted into a helix; hereditary material for all living oganisms and many viruses. INformation in its base sequence is the basis of an organism's form and function

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inherited

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transmissions of dna from parents to offspring

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traits

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a physical, biochemical, or behavioral characteristic of an individual

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genus

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a group of species that share a unique set of traits

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species

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a type of organism. of sexually reproducing species, one or more groups of individuals that potentially can interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and do not interbreed with other groups

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bacteria

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members of the prokaryotic domain Bacteria; the most diverse and most ancient prokaryotic lineage

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archaea

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a member of the prokaryotic domain archaea. members have some unique features but also share some traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotic species

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eukaryotes

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organisms whose cells characteristically start out life with a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; a protist, plant, fungus, or animal

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plants

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a multicelled photoautotroph, typically with well-developed roots and shoots. primary producer on land.

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protists

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informal name for eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals

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fungi

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type of eukaryotic heterotroph; can be multicelled or singlecelled; cell walls contain chitin; obtains nutrients by extracellular digestion and absorption

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animals

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a multicelled heterotroph with unwalled cells. it develops through a series of embryonic stages and is motile during part of all of the life cycle

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mutations

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permanent, small-scale change in DNA. primary source of new alleles and, thus, of life's diversity

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adaptive traits

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a heritable trait that enhances an individuals fitness; and evolutionary adaptation

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evolution

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change in a line of descent

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natural selection

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a process of evolution in which individuals of a population who vary in the details of heritable traits survive and reproduce with differing success

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critical thinking

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mental process of judging information before accepting i

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science

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systematic study of nature

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hypotheses

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testable explanation of a natural phenomenon

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predictions

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a statement based on a hypothesis about a condition that should exist if the hypotesis is not wrong; often called the if-tehn process

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experiments

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a test designed to support or falsify a prediction. involves experimental and control groups

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models

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analogous system used to test an object of event that cannot itself be tested directly

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variables

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in experiments a characteristic or event that differs among individuals and that may change over time

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experimental groups

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in experiments, a group of objects or individuals that display or are exposed to a variable under investigation. experimental results for this group are compared with results for a control group

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control groups

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in experiments, a group that is the same as an experimental group except for one variable; used as a standard of comparison

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scientific theory

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hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing, and is useful for making predictions about other phenomena

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sampling error

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difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events or individuals, and results derived from testing a subset of the groups