Bio Invaders Test Three Fun

Front 1

Integrated Pest Management
(IPM Definition

Back 1

Using all suitable techniques in an economically and ecologically sound manner to reduce pest populations and to maintain them below impact levels.

Front 2

What does IPM management do: examples (3)

Back 2

combines any type of control technologies with a limited reliance on pesticides.
 uses monitoring to gather information on pest, agent, and native populations for gauging the health of the ecosystem and for decision making
 requires understanding biology and ecology of resource, pest, and pest’s natural enemies

Front 3

Examples of integrated practices:

Back 3

Combining carefully timed herbicide applications with use of flea beetles on leafy spurge AND Still using herbicides and machetes on Melaleuca after introduction of snout beetles

Front 4

Conservation Biological
Control (Definition):

Back 4

Employing integrated practices to
conserve and to encourage beneficial (native)
insects and spiders

Front 5

Conservation Biological Control Entails:

Back 5

-Reducing Pesticides
-Monitoring
-EmployingTrap Crops (lure pest)
-Refuge Crops (promote beneficials)

Front 6

Classical Biological Control (Define)

Back 6

The intentional introduction of an exotic, usually co-evolved, biological control agent for permanent establishment and long-term pest control.

Front 7

Classical Biological Control Agents belong to the 3 P’s:

Back 7

Parasites, Predators, and Pathogens but they must be able to Biocontrolagent must establish free-living,
self-sustaining, and expanding populations

Front 8

Classical Biological Control Objective:

Back 8

To reduce pest below impact levels
Eradication is not an objective.
A predator/host relationship must be maintained in order to keep the biological control agent available in the habitat.

Front 9

Classical Biological Control is only for use on ...

Back 9

non-native species

Front 10

Classical Biological Control agent must be: and tested for feeding on/damage to:

Back 10

HOST SPECIFIC;
 Pest
 Native relatives of pest –if many native relatives in
the region, less likely to find an appropriate agent that would not harm these non-target species
 Threatened and endangered species (rare)
 Commodities (economically valuable)

Front 11

Why were people keen to control Opuntia,including native species, in the Caribbean in the 1960s?

Back 11

For economic control of the cacti that had become pasture weeds due to overgrazing

Front 12

What have become the unintended but possibly very serious consequences to the USA and Mexico resulting from the method used to control Opuntiain the Caribbean?

Back 12

C. cactorum was introduceprobably through the plant trade or hurricane
winds. d to the Caribbean and spread to Florida

Front 13

How could the same control method for Opuntiabe appropriate in Australia
but not for the Caribbean?

Back 13

C. cactorum introduction in Australia was ecologically sound because it was
isolated and not likely to reach native cacti but that was not the case in the Caribbean.

Front 14

Why did some of the earlyintroductions for biological
control of leafy spurge fail?

Back 14

Suppressed by insect viruses and parasite; not appropriate for the genotype of leafy spurge in NA; reproduced too slowly and only attacked the large plants

Front 15

What is the bug that keeps salvinia from being a problem east of the panhandle?

Back 15

crytobagous weevil

Front 16

Inundative/Augmentive Biocontrol Definition:

Back 16

The use of non-host specific agents, generalist feeders .

Front 17

Inundative/Augmentive Biocontrol Agent Qualities:

Back 17

*must be easy to manage and remove
*must form non-sustaining populations
**good examples: grass carp, sheep
**poor examples: predatory snails, ants and social wasps
****Inundative agents could be
employed for eradication

Front 18

Chinese Crap Pros

Back 18

+Preferred over pesticides
+ Cheap in long-term
+ No sudden loss to food web

Front 19

Chinese Carp Cons

Back 19

-Agent availability
-Remain host-specific?
-Who pays up front?
-Who makes repeat
introductions?
-Long term monitoring &
follow up needed
-Commitment to raising
-Releasing another exotic

Front 20

Five ways to deal with invasive species

Back 20

Mechanical, chemical, and biological controls, adaptive management, and do nothing

Front 21

Mechanical Control bio: (5)

Back 21

• Environmentally friendly
• Labor intensive
• Applicable only to relatively small areas where
large working groups are available.
• Typically plays only a small part in a program
• Effective alone only during incipient invasions

Front 22

Chemical Control Bio (6)

Back 22

• Most common; Applicable to large areas
• Newer herbicides less toxic, shorter residence times, more specific
• Impact on ecosystem components (soil) ?
• Early control could achieve eradication
• Maintenance control: achieve smallest population possible.
• Requires life stage study of target species/non-target natives

Front 23

Types of Chemical control: (4)

Back 23

• hack & squirt: trees that re-sprout
• foliar spray: shrubs, herbs, grasses, vines
• basal bark: small trees and shrubs
• injection: trees/ferns with single stems

Front 24

Maintenance Control Management Aquatic Plants

Back 24

• Continuous effort to preventing massive buildup by
keeping aquatic weed species at low levels.
Predetermined level (% coverage) contingent on body.
• FWC perceives as most environmentally sensitive
method for managing serious problems
• Reduces the environmental impact of aquatic weed
species
• Allows greater human use of waters (recreation, flood
control, irrigation, drinking supply)
• Uses less herbicides (reducing costs greatly)

Front 25

Adaptive Management is:

Back 25


A process of continually improving management practices
by learning from outcomes of previously employed
practices

A framework to fall back on when substantial
uncertainty exists

Front 26

Adaptive Management is a deliberate framework for learning that includes six steps

Back 26

 Inventory
 Prioritizing
 Implementation (w/ incorporation of models)
 Monitoring (to test models)
 Evaluation
 Adjustment (requires institution/stakeholder agreement)

Front 27

Adaptive management is useful when an invasive plant provides an ecosystem function thus providing uncertainty in decision to control:

Back 27

1) Food for Native Species
2) Stabilization or improvement of environment’s physical chemistry
3) Habitat when natural habitat no longer exists

Front 28

Example where adaptive management is needed because the invasive is food for Native/Rare/Endangered
Species

Back 28

Where invasive and endangered species
overlap.
Crystal River, Kings Bay:
•manatees and hydrilla
–Since loss of eelgrass, hydrilla substitutes as
primary food source. Additional concerns likely from immediate toxicity of
spray application

Front 29

Example where adaptive management is needed because the Stabilization or improvement of
environment’s physical chemistry depends on:

Back 29

Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa) in Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta
 stabilizing sediments
 increasing water clarity
 providing structure for other organisms

Front 30

What is Didymo?

Back 30

An invasive algae

Front 31

6. Why are regulations and inspections more commonly used to lower the risk of pest importation than outright prohibition?

Back 31

Regulate & inspect not outright prohibition because of
societal desire for imports.

Front 32

7. Why can inspections of passengers’ luggage and commercial cargo only
be regarded as filters rather than barriers?

Back 32

1-2% of shipments inspected.
Poor on small/ micro pests /pathogens.

Front 33

9. What are the differences between “dirty-list” and “clean-list” approaches to regulating species imports?

Back 33

“Dirty” innocent unless proven predicted risk (harm,
widespread elsewhere)
“Clean” guilty until shown to be harmless.

Front 34

10. Which types of listing are used by Australia and New Zealand and with
whom does the burden of proof lie?

Back 34

“Clean” shift burden of proof to the importer

Front 35

1999 President Clinton’s
Executive Order, what six actions were mandated for federal agencies?

Back 35

• Identify harmful actions
• Prevent
• Monitor & rapid response;
• Restore natives
• Research
• Education

Front 36

Removal of a long-term exotic species can have as profound effects as the original invasion. Why should non-native species control not be applied as an end in itself?

Back 36

Non-native species control is a tool for native
ecosystem restoration (not an end in itself)
monitor native recovery
use adaptive management as the system changes ---
not just count the reductions in target species.

Front 37

Lionfish Derbies the Eat Lionfish Campaign:

Back 37

brings together fishing
communities, wholesalers, and
chefs in an effort to broaden
U.S. consumers’ awareness of a delicious invader.

Front 38

If widespread, well established invaders are not good candidates for mechanical and chemical control, under what conditions are these methods useful?

Back 38

Combined with early detection
to get rid of new populations or slow their spread

Front 39

Four general disadvantages of
chemical and mechanical methods of control:

Back 39

• Expensive
• Can be controversial with the public
• Can be dangerous and environmentally
damaging if misused
• Some species cannot be controlled by
chemical or mechanical methods

Front 40

What are ….three important
components of a "rapid response
system"?

Back 40

• Critical watch lists (particularly species
that are problems elsewhere)
• Monitoring established species for signs
of invasiveness
• Dedicated strike teams for rapid response and eradication

Front 41

Under what sort of conditions may long-term change by mechanical or chemical control be possible?

Back 41

when the causes of the invasion have
been removed
(e.g., overgrazing, fire-suppression) so
that natural system catalysts can be restored

Front 42

When might continuous mechanical or chemical control be justified?

Back 42

If the invasion would cause significant and
irreversible degradation of the native
ecosystem …
e.g.: to protect endangered ecosystems

such as maintaining pig exclusion fences

(e.g.: while waiting for biological control to become established; hack and squirt melaleuca ENP)

Front 43

How is the restoration of the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge being attempted?

Back 43

• Fencing and control of cattle and pigs by
hunters and snares
• Foliar herbicide (Garlon) on blackberries
• Systemic herbicide on holly and foliar herbicide on seedlings
• Manual removal by volunteers of banana
poka vine
• Foliar and basal bark herbicides on gorse
• Digging up clumps of cane tibouchina

Front 44

Functional roles of the forest:

Back 44

Provide a habitat and regulation of: Soil formation, Nutrient cycling, disturbance prevention

Front 45

The habitat maintained by the forest is a:

Back 45

Refuge for wild plants & animals, thereby maintaining the (in situ) conservation of
-biological and genetic diversity
-the evolutionary process

Front 46

Landscape Level Services of the Forest:

Back 46

Watershed1) canopy rain break 2) sponge effect maintains year round river flow
Erosion Deforestation -siltation ieGanges;
offshore/freshwater fishery (salmon); dams
Public Health typhoid, cholera
Evaporative Coolingclimate control by decreasing radiant heat from sun
Transpiration makes Rain {5.5 d recycling}

Front 47

Landscape Level Services of the Forest (Process)

Back 47

Sequestration of Carbon
Boreal Forests over Rain Forests
•Earth’s largest terrestrial biome
•1/3 of existing forests in lg, functional tracts
•Siberia’s forests absorb 10% of human emissions
carbon dioxide annually
•Treats: mineral, energy, timber –This summer
alteration in fire dynamics = climate change?

Front 48

Landscape Level Services of the Forest (Production)

Back 48

Food
Timber & other Raw materials
Medicinal Resources
Ornamental Plant Resources

Front 49

Beech Bark Disease

Back 49

•Scale w/stylet, antennae, legsand glands that secrete a white waxy coating
•Damage allows fungal species (1 introduced
/1 native) to infect live cambium (beneath the bark)
red mycelium are threads of the body of the fungi
•Low nitrogen in bark provides resistance to scale
•Tendency for re-sprouting makes it difficult to
remove susceptible trees and leave the resistant ones

Front 50

Hemlock WoollyAdelgid

Back 50

•Western hemlocks. like Asian,
tolerant to adelgid.
•Infested communities gone in 5 years, no other tree
offers deep shade that cools streams as biodiversity
refuge( ie.) trout.
•Conifers do not re-sprout after cutting
•Effective predators must 1) attack the pest only
2) establish in the new range of the pest
3) maintain growth that matches pest population

Front 51

Asian Longhorn Beetle

Back 51

•First intro. in NY in 1996 on
raw wood packing crates from China
•Pathway potentially could have been prevented by
fumigation or heat treating crates.
•Many tree species affected: elm, butternut, beech,
ash, willow, poplar, birch, cottonwood
•A possible consequence of few native trees left to fill
canopy gaps created by ALB … available niches for
invasive shrubs(of which there are many in the NE)

Front 52

Chestnut Blight Arrival

Back 52

•Introduced in early
1900s
•Native to China –not a
major disease problem
•Transported in nursery
stock
•Spread 30mi/yr

Front 53

Chestnunt Blight info:

Back 53

• Fungal disease
• Enters through wounds in
bark. Cankers girdle &
destroy the vascular system
• Asco spores forcibly expelled
from their pouches in
cankers to be carried away
on wind.
• Conidia spores ooze out and
carried by water drops or on
the feet of insects, birds ...