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266 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological classification is based on:
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evolutionary history
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genetic differences within a species are known as:
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variations
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the ability to mate and produce fertile offspring is:
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characteristic of organisms in the single species
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the population of 1 type of plant may be:
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separated but remain in the same species if they still produce fertile offspring
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taxonomy is:
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the branch of biology dealing with classifying organisms
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geographic variation occurs when
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a species occupy a large range with distinct local environments
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liger and tigon offsprings
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will be sterile
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homologies are:
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ancestrally connected
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analogies are:
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connected by function only
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are all wings homologies?
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no, some wings function the same but have no evolutionary relationship
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scientific identifications rely on:
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structure rather than color because structure is more stable
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determining biological difference by analyzing proteins is:
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locating differences in amino acid sequence
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whale bone flippers look like birds wing bone structure
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suggests evolutionary relations
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structure, biochemistry, location, reproduction habits, characteristics are considered when
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classifying because multiple evidence strengthens conclusion
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hair and milk would be the class:
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mammalia
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botanists use the term
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division rather than phylum
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K, Ph, C, O, F, G, S
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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collections of fossils provide
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clues of early ancestry
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cladistics is:
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a system of classification that considers ancestry
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molecular clocks show
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relatedness and time of divergence based on the rate of accumulation of mutations
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monera is:
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split into eubacteria and archaea
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plantae are:
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photoautotrophic multicultural and come from embryos
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taxonomic class changes because:
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new evidence clarifies interpretations
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hard body parts are most likely to be
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preserved as fossils
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darwin didn't
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use mendalian genetics to support his theory
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adaptation of prey and predator is an example of
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gradualisms
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coevolution-flower resembles a female bee so that:
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the male bee mates with it
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in the experiment, it is important to prevent changes in gene pool. avoid certain genotypes to escape from lab.
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precaution that should be taken
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maintain a large population in experiment
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factor that won't affect gene pool
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keep cultures exposed to light 24 hours a day
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factor that will not affect gene pool
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prevent smaller bodied individuals from breeding in experiment is
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a condition that should be avoided
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introduce new individuals from other labs during experiemtn
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a condition that should be avoided
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expose organism to chemicals causing mutations in experiment is
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a condition that should be avoided
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permit homozygous recessive flies to breed only with other individuals of same genotype in an experiment
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a condition that should be avoided
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an antibiotic is introduced and effective in fighting infections for awhile, but then doesn't work.
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this is because the antibiotic resistant forms of bacteria x has survived and multiplied
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as a result of continental drift, there are a group of separated trees on different continents. the strongest evidence for placing them in separate species is
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its inability to produce fertile offspring
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one frog mates in april while another kind mates in May.
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this is an example of seasonal isolation
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fireflies are able to distinguish their own species from others by rate and brightness of flashing patterns.
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this is an example of behavioral isolation
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the best evidence about the salamanders for the hypothesis that the salamanders are all one species
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will interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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what suggests that the salamanders exist in a condition that favors the evolution of separate species?
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live in isolated habitats
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a change in this condition would produce two seperate species
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will interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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which of these statements is an interpretation of data
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are known to have a common ancestor based on fossil records
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which condition would be altered by selective breeding in the lab?
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have different coloration and arrangement of colors
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punctuated equilibrium are
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short periods of rapid speciation followed by long periods of stability
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some soil became contaminated with a chemical. f a plant became tolerant to the chemical speciation is likely to occur
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if tolerant plants and non tolerant plants flowered at different times.
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different finch species originated from a common ancestor
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this agrees with evolution theory and is supported by data
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fossil records wouldn't show evidence of evolution of these birds
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disagrees with evolution theory but is not necessarily false
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the different flinch species compete for the same food
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disagrees with evolution theory and is refuted by data
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beak difference is one basis for considering the finches as separate species
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agrees with evolution theory and is supported by data
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bacteria rhizobium lives on nodules of plants. the plant provides bacteria with carbs while bacteria provides nitrogen compounds to the plant for synthesis of acids. this relationship is:
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mutualism
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root of mistletoe plants grow in xylem of trees to secure nutrients. relationship is
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parasitism
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autotrophs are capable of:
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fixing carbon
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during the past decades, large areas of S. America rainforests have been cut down with results in
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loss of entire species, increased rate of adaptation, reduced transpiration
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commercial fishing = less sharks. the population density of shark's primary prey...
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immediately increased
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commercial fishing = less sharks. productivity at trophic level of producers
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no effect
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commercial fishing = less sharks. the adaptive radiation of species occupying the same niches as sharks..
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immediate decrease
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commercial fishing = less sharks. exceptional growth of population can be demonstrated in the following conditions except...
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when resources are limited
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the number of plankton is directly correlated to light intensity
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not enough info to interpret data
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there is a seasonal change in the levels of plant plankton
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not an interpretation, but a restatement of the data
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the increase in population of the animal plankton causes rapid decrease in plant plankton pop;ation
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not enough data to make the statement
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the late is in upper state NY
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not enough data to make the statement
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the animal plankton population changes the lease in the summer
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contradicted by data
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dissolved oxygen levels are affected by
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all of the above
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in an ecosystem, these organisms are most likely to first increase in size
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producers
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these organisms digest dead plant and animal tissues
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decomposers
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the food relationship grain-> turkey-> human is a
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food chain
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after wolves had been extinct for several decades, a few were reintroduced to yellowstone
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these wolves will NOT be exposed to 1% of the toxins not excreted by producers.
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this project will succeed most likely since (yellowstone wolves)
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wolves occupy own niche and the ecosystem will stabilize with time
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which of the following essential chemical elements is recycled
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all of the above
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some engage in nitrification
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bacteria
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they require ammonia or nitrates for their metabolism
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plants
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a decrease in pH in a sealed test tube that contains water and living organisms suggests
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an increase in CO2 levels
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the energy pyramid teaches us that eating meat from grain-fed cattle
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doesn't make efficient use of the energy stored in producers
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an increase in CO2 concentration in atomosphere is because of
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a rise in the use of fossil fuel
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the water cycle doesn't
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have surface run off that returns to most of the water to the ocean
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exisiting ecosystems have been disrupted because of
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all of the above
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if two species of fruit eating pigeons live among the same trees
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competitive exclusion
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these places the fruit eating pigeons have inhabited
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niches
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hare and lynx have highs and lows at same times
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cause and effect relationship cannot be established by info
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which state at II of cell respiration completes decomp of glucose into a carbon skeleton?
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glycolysis and krebs cycle
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converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid enables the cells to
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krebs cycle
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in what situation do humans produce lactic acid in muscles?
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when there is enough oxygen present
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which is the other product of glycolysis at I
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2 ADP molecules
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which stage is the main source of energy for anaerobic yeast cells, glycolysis, krebs cycle?
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electron transport chain
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which product is the important branch point in cell respiration
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ethyl alcohol
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after transporting acetate to the krebs cycle, what happens to coenzym A that returns it to the cytoplasm?
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it carries more acetate to the krebs cycle
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the diagram explains cell respiration a process that releasted energy directly from what?
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glucose
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which of the following is the product at III that results from oxygen?
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water
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what part of cell respiration does this diagram suggest?
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NADH
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if A is glucose and B is NAD+ what is B*?
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ADP
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cell respiratin releases only 38% of the total potential energy from glucose. what happens to the rest?
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lost from the cell as heat energy
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what role is not consumed in mitochondria in cell respiration
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oxygen is not consumed in the mitochondria
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what is the carrier of glucose in our cells?
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blood stream
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yeast cells are used in fermenting grape juice into wine. do they start fermenting as soon as they are activated
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they begin as soon as they are activated
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analogous? how energy is released during election transfers in both photosyntheis and cell respiration? an example wuld be:
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a ball bouncing down a flight of stairs
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yeast cells consume more sugar than their supply of oxygen is reduced because:
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glycolysis slows down without energy
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where is most of an aerobic cell's ATP formed?
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matrix of mitchondria
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what proteins are embedded in the cristae of mitochondria
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fadh2
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the hydrogen carrier molecule that can drive the synthesis of up to two or more molecules of ATP?
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Fadh2
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what hormone stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose in seconds to feed cell respiration in the mucles of an athlete?
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insulin
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in which pathway is NADH formed?
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krebs cycle
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where is electron transport system?
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cytoplasm
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chloroplast and mitochondria both have inner membranes that contain:
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electron carrier molecules
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if the heterotroph hypothesis is correct, which process is first?
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photosynthesis
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which cause pain and cramps in our oxygen starved muscles?
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lactic acid
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a lack of oxygen inhibits the krebs cycle are mitochondria enzymes inactivated:
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mitochondria enzymes are not inactivated
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what are the raw materials for electron transport system?
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FADH2, NADH
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which compounds release urea when cells break down for use in the krebs cycle
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fatty acids
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what is the affect of the flow of protons through the inner mitochondria membrane on cell respiration?
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a phosphate group is lost from ATP
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what energy is released during this process?
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decompostion
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which pathway consumes ATP?
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electron transport system
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what type of process changes glucose to carbon dioxide and water?
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decompostion
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how many processes are made into biosynthesis
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2 processes
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which compound in
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O + Energy is the final electron acceptor? |
oxygen
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O + Energy
which compound is compared to fuel? |
water
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O + Energy
which compound contains the carbon released from glucose |
carbon dioxide
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where are carbs stored in our bodies
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adrenaline
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how is oxygen replenished in the bottle of a fish bowl :
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by the plants during photosynthesis
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do the plants produce CO2?
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yes, co2 is produced all the time as a result of cell respiration
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do plants use O2
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no plants produce O2 but do not use O2
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do plants use CO2?
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yes, CO2 is used during photosynthesis
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does the fish use O2?
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yes, but only in daytime while photosynthesis is occuring
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how do cells make atp during glycolysis?
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by breakig down preexisting ATP molecules
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where does this breakdown of ATP molecules take place?
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matrix of mitochondria
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Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
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matrix of mitochondria
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This process uses carbon skeletons
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biosynthesis and decomposition
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fatty acids can enter the krebs cycle after they are broken down into
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glucose
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which of the following best represent the process of cell respiration?
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amino acide--> protein
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what is the source of oxygen used in cell respiration?
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organisms
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Several kings of aquatic plants, algae, bacteria, one celled eukaryotes, sails and fish were placed in an aquarium. The aquarium was sealed to make in air tight. Each week is was opened and carefully weighed. The weight of the aquarium plus its contents would probably
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decrease, then increase
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If a small fish were placed in a beaker of water containing the pH indicator bromothymol blue, within one hour the water would become yellow. Adding an aquatic plant to the water as well would prevent the color change because the photosynthetic activity of the plant would balance the fish’s
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consumption of CO2
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what substance carries hydrogen for use in biosynthesis of macromolecules?
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NADH only
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what evidence supports the ideal that some energy remains untapped in the products of fermentation?
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alcohol can be burned as fuel
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mitochondria provide efficiency and organization to cell respiration because they
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are large
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in cell respration, oxidation reduction reactions play a key role in
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the flow of energy during absorption of glucose
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which pathway involves the rearrangement of carbon compounds?
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calvin cycle
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which of the following best describes the flow of energy in cells?
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ATP to food
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cells don't ferment fatty acids because
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fatty acids never pass through the glycolysis stage
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what substance is formed in the Krebs cycle?
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NADH only
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Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
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matrix of mitochondria
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This process uses carbon skeletons
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biosynthesis and decomposition
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fatty acids can enter the krebs cycle after they are broken down into
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glucose
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which of the following best represent the process of cell respiration?
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amino acide--> protein
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what is the source of oxygen used in cell respiration?
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organisms
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Several kings of aquatic plants, algae, bacteria, one celled eukaryotes, sails and fish were placed in an aquarium. The aquarium was sealed to make in air tight. Each week is was opened and carefully weighed. The weight of the aquarium plus its contents would probably
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decrease, then increase
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If a small fish were placed in a beaker of water containing the pH indicator bromothymol blue, within one hour the water would become yellow. Adding an aquatic plant to the water as well would prevent the color change because the photosynthetic activity of the plant would balance the fish’s
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consumption of CO2
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what substance carries hydrogen for use in biosynthesis of macromolecules?
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NADH only
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what evidence supports the ideal that some energy remains untapped in the products of fermentation?
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alcohol can be burned as fuel
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mitochondria provide efficiency and organization to cell respiration because they
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are large
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in cell respration, oxidation reduction reactions play a key role in
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the flow of energy during absorption of glucose
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which pathway involves the rearrangement of carbon compounds?
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calvin cycle
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which of the following best describes the flow of energy in cells?
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ATP to food
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cells don't ferment fatty acids because
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fatty acids never pass through the glycolysis stage
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what substance is formed in the Krebs cycle?
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NADH only
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how many times more ATP is produced in the presence of oxygen then in its absence (fermenation)
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8 times
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in which pathway does NADH contribute to ATP formation?
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both A and B- both Krebs and calvin
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which part of mitochondria contains the electron transport system, the enzymes for ATP formation, and some of the enzymes of the krebs cycle?
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outer part of the outer membrane
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this process provides carbon skeletons
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neither a or b-not biosynthesis or decomposition
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when the demand for energy is low, animals convert
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glucose to fat to glycogen
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which statement is associated with the following reaction?
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oxygen atoms are lost by glucose and gained by hydrogen
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what product is released during aerobic respiration after O2 accepts it?
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glucose
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which pathway provides carbon skeletons used in biosynthesis pathways?
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both A and B- krebs and calvin
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photosynthesis, fermentation and cell respiration all..
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produce ATP molecules
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the hydrogen carrier molecule that can drive the synthesis of up to three molecules of atp
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krebs cycle enzymes
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which stage of cell respiration releases the most hydrogen from glucose
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fermentation
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what substance carries hydrogen for use in the electron transport system for atp synthesis
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decomposition
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what can this mean? a species has blossoms that only open at night:
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the most efficient pollinators are out at that time
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a flash of red light is followed by a flash of far red light during a period of darkness. the last flash will maintain a high level of Pr.
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this won't affect flowering behavior
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plants bending towards light:
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studied by charles darwin, occurs in order to do photosynthesis, results from differences in cell division and lengthening of cells
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plant responses to environmental changes is
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tropism
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flowering, short-day and long-day is governed by
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phototropism
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phytochrome functions after is absorbs light in the visible spectrum
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red
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adaptations necessary for evolution of tall vascular plants are
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effective water conducting system
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plant most effected by disease to prevent synthesis of lignin is
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maple tree
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vascular system plants have
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tissue that transports water and nutrients
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when a lumberjack cuts down tall trees, water does not well up on cut surfaces of trunks, even when soil is very wet because
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root pressure does not account for water rise in tall trees
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which of these is not a factor in the cohesion tension theory?
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root pressure
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vascular plants transport water to their leaves using all of the following except
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phloem cells
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cotyledons (seed leaves) are
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stored food supply used dring early development
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bean B is same seedling 3 days later the region of active cell elongation is labeled
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II
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cells undergo differentiation in the region labled
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III
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the apical meristem is located at
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I
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energy for dicot seedlings is supplied by these sources except
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the coleptile
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the function of plant cells depend on the position, since
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cells differentiate where they are formed
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in seeds, water absorbed into the cells of the embryo restores turgot and
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leads to fracturing of the seed coat
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the iodine test detects the presence of starch, while benedict's test detects monosaccharides. cotyledons test positive for starch but negative for sugars, while embryos test positive for sugars but negative for starch because the embryos
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digest starch into sugar
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the root of a germinating seed emerges first to
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anchor the seedling and absorb water
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what part of a plant gives rise to branch roots
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pericycle
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_______ cells carry water from roots throughout plant and ________ cells conduct sap to areas where sap is used/stored
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xylem, phloem
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plants must obtain which mineral nutrient(s) that is (are) a key part(s) of chlorophyll molecules, coenzymes and amino acids?
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nitrogen
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primary control over a cell's growth and differention lies with
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gene expression
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if a gardener wants a rose plant to grow bushy rather than spindly, he should
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clip the apical buds
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the graph indicates that
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there is an ideal auxin cncentration for the growth of plant x
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from the data of the figure, you would expect the greatest elongation of cells if the auxin concentration was
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50%
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the first plant hormones that were found to stimulate or inhibit elongation of stems and roots were the
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auxins
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the plant hormones that stimulate production of the enzymes that break down nutrients in the endosperm of grains are
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gibberellins
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the plant hormones whose main function is to produce cell division and organ growth are
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cytokinins
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grocers reccomend speeding up ripening of certain fruits by enclosing the fruits in the paper bag. this retards the loss of
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ethylene
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if a species is produced by a female parent alone (male honeybees) it can mean that
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the offspring are genetically identical to their mothers
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if plants depending on both seeds and runners are planted in an area and you go there 10,000 years later, what type of plants would you expect to find?
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only seed producing grasses that are very difficult from the original.
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when a part of a parent organism breaks away and develops into a new individual, what is this called?
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budding
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in sexual reproduction,
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the nuclei of 2 separate cells fuse into one
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during sexual reproduction
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there is no change in chromosome number
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when a bean seed germinates and becomes a plant
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there is no change in chromosome number
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during gamete formation
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there is a change from diploid to haploid
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during fertilization,
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chromosome number changes fro haploid to diploid
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mosses are restricted to a limited number of habitats because
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they need outside water for reproduction
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the triploid 3n tissue peculiar to flowering plants
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endosperm
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mature fruit forms from
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ovaries of plants
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when pollen is transferred from anther to carpel
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pollination is accomplished
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flowering plants are more widely distributed than mosses because
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they dont need external water for reproduction
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pollen grains are produced by
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male reproductive structures
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if a plant's gametophyte is conspicuousm the plant is not
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a seed plant
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in angiosperms, reproduction takes place in
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flowers
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petals of some flowers are made of several fused
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carpels
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sterile leaves of flowers are
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sepals and petals
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three generations of a gymnosperms lifecycle are represented in a
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seed
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a pollen grain landing near an ovule produces
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a pollen tube
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the pollen tube of gymnosperms contains
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two haploid nuclei
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pollen grains in angiosperms are produced in the
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anther
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in angiosperms, the nucleus of each pollen grain undergoes
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one mitotic division
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there are ______ nuclei contained within an angiosperm embryo sac
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eight
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the tough outer layer of a seed is called the
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seed coat
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angiosperm seed coats for from toughened parts of the
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ovule
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a ripened ovary that contains angiosperm seeds is called
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fruit
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seeds dispersed by wind and water are typically
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lightweight
|
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seeds dispersed by animals are contained in
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fleshy nutritious fruits
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a period during which the embryo of a seed is alive but not growing is
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germination
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during germination, the seed coat
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must crack open
|
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asexual reproduction is to spore as sexual reproduction is to
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seed
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the peculiarity found in the reproduction of flowering plants that does not occur in animal reproduction is
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double fertilization
|
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pollen grains germinate on the surface of the
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stigma
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reproductive patterns of flowering plants and land mammals both have
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internal fertilization
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the purpose of a transport system is
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to carry nutrients to cells and waste products away from cells
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in order for land plants to obtain gas for photosynthesis and cell respiration,
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land plants must hve stomata
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the evolutionary development of xylem in land plants was a solution of the problem of
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water transport
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trees more than 30 meters tall bring water from the soil to their uppermost leaves.
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this observation is explained b the cohesion-tension theory
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sap moves upward in many trees before spring leaves come out.
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this observation is explained by the cohesion-tension theory
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the phloem cells in system
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transport food down to roots
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transport of nutrients in a plant
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is a function of the vascular system
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annual plants adapt to winters in the temperate zone by
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having dormant seeds
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germinating seeds require
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water and oxygen to trigger metabolism
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the pericycle is the part of the plant
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that gives rise to branch roots
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xylem cells carry water from roots throughout plants and phloem cells
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conduct sap to areas where sap used to be stored
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the newest phloem and xylem cells are found
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closeset to the cambium
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meristem tissue is located
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at the tips of roots and stems, in buds of potatoes, underneath bark of trees
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meristem tissue in plants maintains growth
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in length, diameter, regeneration (all of the above)
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autotrophs generally contain a great deal of undifferented tissue that is necessary to their survival because they
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(all of the above)
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the plant hormones that stimulate production of the ezymes that break down nutrients in the endosperm of grains are
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gibberellins
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autotrophic example is
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a tree
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the three parts of an ATP molecule are
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adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups
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energy is released from ATP when
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a phospahte group is removed
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Jan van Helmont concluded plants gain most mass from
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water
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different plants release different amounts of
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oxygen
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photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into
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oxygen and high energy sugars and starches
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plants gather the sun's energy with light absorbing molecules called
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pigments
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which region of visible spectrum is not absorbed y cholophyll?
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green
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a stroma doesn't contain a
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thylakoid
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beginning of photosynthesis
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pigments in photosystems II absorb light
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ATP and NADPH are used to produce high energy sugars
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not a step in ligt dependent reactions
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which of the following is not a step in light dependent reactions?
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ATP and NADPH are used to produce high energy sugars
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why does the inside of the thylakoid membrane become positively charged during light dependent reactions?
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hydrogen ions are released as water splits
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where are PSI and II found?
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thylakoid membrane
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how does the calvin cycle differ from the light dependent reactions?
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it takes place in stroma
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if carbon dioxide is completely removed from a plant's environment, what would you expect to happen to the plants production of high energy sugars?
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no sugars will be produced
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if you continue to increase the intensity of light that a plant recieves, what happens ?
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the rate of photosynthsis increases then levels off.
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