Bio Ii Exam 1 Vertebrate Digestion

Front 1

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACTGENERAL COMPOSITION

4 Layers

Back 1

-t. mucosa
-t. subucosa
-t. muscularis
-t. adventitious
-serosa

Front 2

inner most layer of gastrointestinal tract

(characterists of man's)

Back 2

Tunica mucosa - epithelial - makes up lumen lining

man's is simple columnar w/ goblet cells. glandular

t. mucosa:

-innermost layer of tract
-lined w/ epithelial tissue
-highly glandular

Hint 2

t. mucosa:

-innermost layer of tract
-lined w/ epithelial tissue
-highly glandular

Function:
-produce digestive juices and other enzymes

Front 3

layer of GI tract where absorbtion occurs
>

Back 3

t. submucosa

-connective tissue layer
-controlled by autonomic nervous system
-w/ blood capillaries for absoption of amino acids and simple sugars and lymphatic capillaries for products of fat digestion

Function:
-Absorption
--Parasympathetic Nervous System of ANS enhances digestion by promoting motility and juices
--Sympathetic Nervous System of ANS inhibits digestive activity with flight/fright phenomenon
-Controls movement and glandular secretion

Hint 3

t. submucosa

-connective tissue layer
-controlled by autonomic nervous system
-w/ blood capillaries for absoption of amino acids and simple sugars and lymphatic capillaries for products of fat digestion

Function:
-Absorption
--Parasympathetic Nervous System of ANS enhances digestion by promoting motility and juices
--Sympathetic Nervous System of ANS inhibits digestive activity with flight/fright phenomenon
-Controls movement and glandular secretion

Front 4

layer of GI tract controlling movement

Back 4

t. muscularis:

smooth muscle w/ two orientations:
-inner - circular
-outer - longitudinal
...so that it can contract and shorten rhythmically to affect peristalsis.

Hint 4

t. muscularis:

smooth muscle w/ two orientations:
-inner - circular
-outer - longitudinal
...so that it can contract and shorten rhythmically to affect peristalsis.

Front 5

outer layer of GI tract

Back 5

t. adventitia:

at the top and bottom of the tube...
connective tissue that anchors the tube to the body wall, blood vessels and nerves of the tube

Hint 5

t. adventitia:

at the top and bottom of the tube...
connective tissue that anchors the tube to the body wall, blood vessels and nerves of the tube

Front 6

layer somewhat complementary to t. adventitia?

Back 6

t. serosa

In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells, which secrete serous fluid, and a thin connective tissue layer.

Serosa Function:

-Anchor
-Reduce friction

Locations:

The pericardial cavity (surrounding the heart), pleural cavity (surrounding the lungs) and peritoneal cavity (surrounding most organs of the abdomen) are the three serous cavities within the human body.

Hint 6

Serosa Function:

-Anchor
-Reduce friction

Locations:

The pericardial cavity (surrounding the heart), pleural cavity (surrounding the lungs) and peritoneal cavity (surrounding most organs of the abdomen) are the three serous cavities within the human body.

Front 7

general components of digestive tract: in to out

Back 7

mouth (teeth/ oral glands)

pharynx

esophagus

stomach - rugae (folding)

intestine (small - duodenum and ileum)

=gallbladder/ liver/ pancreas contribute=

anus or cloaca

Front 8

Teeth

One Shape?
Many shapes?

Many Replacements?
One set of replacements?

Back 8

ALL vertebrate except mammals are homodont, teeth are one shape for a singular type of use.
-- Mammals teeth are of differing shapes depending on where in the mouth for what use

Polyphyodont - all classes of vertebrate, except mammals, have many replacements
Diphyodonts - Mammals have only two completes sets of teeth: baby teeth and adult teeth. Exceptions: Manatees and elephants

Oral Glands in mouth? produce?

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

Amylase to digest starches

Hint 8

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

Amylase to digest starches

Front 9

Cloaca:

"common sewer"

Back 9

Cloaca:

The posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the GI, reproductive, and urinary tracts of certain animal species.

Front 10

Pharynx:

Back 10

Situated posterior to the oral cavity and superior to the esophagus

5 inch long fibromuscular tube

Function:

-move bolus from oral cavity to esophagus
-also has a role in respiration

Hint 10

Function:

-move bolus from oral cavity to esophagus
-also has a role in respiration

Front 11

Esophagus

Back 11

The esophagus ( oesophagus) is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus composed of:

t. mucosa
t. submucosa
t. muscularis
t. adventitia

Hint 11

esophagus composed of:

t. mucosa
t. submucosa
t. muscularis
t. adventitia

Front 12

Stomach

Back 12

-chyme enters stomach at cardiac notch
-top of stomach is fundus
-middle is body of stomach
-inferior portion is pyloric antrum
-pyloric sphincter is at the end where chyme exits stomach into duodenum

Functions:

-begin digestion of proteins
-break down bolus into chyme
--chemical and mechanical
-secrete gastric juices

Hint 12

Functions:

-begin digestion of proteins
-break down bolus into chyme
--chemical and mechanical
-secrete gastric juices

Front 13

Gastric Rugae

Back 13

Irregular folds of the t. mucosa of the stomach.

A series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ.

Function:

Permit for distension of the stomach so that large amounts of food may be consumed.

Hint 13

Function:

Permit for distension of the stomach so that large amounts of food may be consumed.

Front 14

Small Intestines

Back 14

Duodenum and Illeum

In mammals:
Duodenum, jejunum, illium

What is the Cecum?

A pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine.

It is separated from the ileum by the Ileocecal valve

Hint 14

A pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine.

It is separated from the ileum by the Ileocecal valve

Front 15

In all vertebrates there wil be modifications such as the sm. intestines to increase surface area...

Back 15

Plicae - permanent circular folds of the t. mucosa and
t. submucosa

Villi are projections of the t. mucosa

Function:

To increase surface area to facilitate absorption

Microvilli are projections of the plasma membrane of absorptive cells of the t. mucosa

Hint 15

Function:

To increase surface area to facilitate absorption

Front 16

Liver

Back 16

Produces Biles

Biles emulsifies fat so that smaller fat molecules may be broken down by fat splitting enzymes more easily

gallbladder

Left and Right Hepatic Ducts joins the cystic duct to form the Common Bile Duct which takes bile to the duodenum.

stored in\?

Hint 16

gallbladder

Left and Right Hepatic Ducts joins the cystic duct to form the Common Bile Duct which takes bile to the duodenum.

Front 17

Endocrine vs Exocrine Glands

Back 17

Endocrine:
-use the circulatory system for transport

Exocrine:
-use ducts to send hormones to a specific place

Front 18

Colon

Back 18

-Ascending colon
from the cecum to the transverse colon
-Transverse colon
-Descending colon
-Sigmoid colon

Function:
Store waste,
Reclaiming water
Maintain the water and electrolyte balance,
Absorbing some vitamins, such as vitamin K

Hint 18

Function:
Store waste,
Reclaiming water
Maintain the water and electrolyte balance,
Absorbing some vitamins, such as vitamin K

Front 19

Pices (fish) adaptation in esophagus?

Back 19

Polyphyodont (many rows) and homodont (all the same type)
Few oral glands
Papillae in esophagus
Spiral valve in ileum
Dorsal and Ventral pancreases
Rectal gland- marine fish

Hint 19

Polyphyodont (many rows) and homodont (all the same type)
Few oral glands
Papillae in esophagus
Spiral valve in ileum
Dorsal and Ventral pancreases
Rectal gland- marine fish

Front 20

Amphibians distinguishing features?

Back 20

Polyphyodont (many rows) and homodont (ALL THE SAME) teeth,
Oral glands (some)
Villi in intestines
Single pancreas

Hint 20

Polyphyodont (many rows) and homodont (ALL THE SAME) teeth,
Oral glands (some)
Villi in intestines
Single pancreas

Front 21

Reptiles distinguishing features?

Back 21

oral glands may secrete poison
Cranial kinesis
Polyphyodont and homodont teeth,
Oral glands
Villi in intestines
Single pancreas

Hint 21

Cranial kinesis
Polyphyodont and homodont teeth,
Oral glands
Villi in intestines
Single pancreas

Front 22

Birds

Back 22

BIRDS
Edentate- have-bills and beaks
GI tract of grain-eating birds:
-esophagus- crop

-stomach- (FUNDUS) proventriculus and (PYLORUS) ventriculus (gizzard)
No gallbladder in grain-eating birds

Hint 22

BIRDS
Edentate- have-bills and beaks
GI tract of grain-eating birds:
-esophagus- crop

-stomach- (FUNDUS) proventriculus and (PYLORUS) ventriculus (gizzard)
No gallbladder in grain-eating birds

Front 23

major glands of mammals mouths?

parotid, submandibular, sublingual



what gland is effected by mumps?

parotid

Back 23

pharynx vs esophagus

pharynx first. muscular, takes food and air.

esophagus is only for food. epiglottis blocks glottis/ trachea when swallowing

Hint 23

pharynx vs esophagus

pharynx first. muscular, takes food and air.

esophagus is only for food. epiglottis blocks glottis/ trachea when swallowing

Front 24

what is a ball of food manipulated during chewing for swallowing

bolus

Back 24

stomach churns food into... chyme

what is a zymogen?
>
general term for inactive form of enzyme

Hint 24

what is a zymogen?
>
general term for inactive form of enzyme

Front 25

krypts of lieberkuhn -
>
small intestinal glands located between villi below lumina surface. project into submucosa

release digestive juices

Back 25

where is bile formed?
>
In the liver by hepatocytes.

Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder.

drain into duadenum

emulsifies fats

Hint 25

components/ function of the colon (large intestine):

-Ilieocecal valve to Cecum...ascending - transverse - descending - sigmoid - rectum

Function:

-Absorb water and maintain electrolyte balance
-Absorb some vitamins K and Biotin
-From feces

Front 26

three surface area enhancements of GI:

plicae: circular folding of t.mucosa (surface area)

Villi: fingerlike extentions of t. mucosa

microvilli - villi of plasma membrane. contain actin

Back 26

Endocrine vs. Exocrine
of pancreas
>
exo: ducted glands. eg - pancreatic juices for digestions

endo: ductless - secrete into body fluid. eg- insuline and glucogon

Hint 26

what is interesing out pices pancrease?

They have two
dual. dorso and ventra

Front 27

Bile path from liver to sm. intestine

Back 27

hepatocytes → Left and Right Hepatic Ducts → join Cystic Duct (to form) → Common Bile Duct → Duodenum

Front 28

path of food:

Back 28

oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → CARDIAC ORIFICE → stomach → duodenum →jejunum → ilium → ILIEOCECAL VALVE → cecum → ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → rectum → anus

Front 29

Glands/ Enzymes of Stomach

Back 29

Gastin : released by G Cells : promotes release of gastric gland - release of pepsinogen and HCl

Hint 29

Pepsinogen : released from cheif cells of Gastric Gland - activated by HCl

HCl - released by Parietal Cells

Front 30

Hormones of small intestine:

released from?

Back 30

released from Crypts of Lieberkün.

What hormones?

Front 31

components/ function of the colon (large intestine):

Back 31

Ilieocecal valve to Cecum...ascending - transverse - descending - sigmoid - rectum

Function:

-Absorb water and maintain electrolyte balance
-Absorb some vitamins K and Biotin
-From feces