Bio Ii Exam 1 Animal_Nutrition Animal Digestion

Front 1

all organisms must be able to synthesize and degrade organic materials
· These processes require :
1- oxygen
2- nutrients

Back 1

Autotroph:

-Produces organic molecules from inorganic ones

Heterotroph:

-Take in organic nutrients...
-digest them
-catabolize them
-anabolize them as needed

Front 2

Adaptations of bodies occur to facilitate the type of food they eat:

Carnivore
-predominately meat eater

Back 2

Herbivore:
-predominately plant eater

Omnivore:
-Eats both meat and plants

Examples of Adaptations:

-Cow eat grass which has a high cellulose content which is indigestible by mammals. They have four "stomachs" to handle the digestion, they repeatedly chew the cud, with the help of bacteria, can digest the grass.

Front 3

Adaptation Examples Cont'd:

-blue whale has baleen instead of teeth to trap krill
-anteater uses a long sticky tongue to catch ants in hard to reach places

Back 3

Intracellular Digestion:

Primitive
phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Extracellular Digestion

outside the body in a cavity, in the environment - it is less advanced. in a digestive tract - it is the most advanced

Hint 3

Extracellular Digestion

outside the body in a cavity, in the environment - it is less advanced. in a digestive tract - it is the most advanced

Front 4

Nutrition/ digestions

allows synthesis and production of energy

2 main types of molecules required from environment:

oxygen used in cellular respiration

already synthesiszed high-energy organic compounds, the raw materials to synthesize needed organic materials - nutrients

Back 4

Adaptation for food procurement

beak, long neck, cow's stomach

Hint 4

Adaptation for food procurement

beak, long neck, cow's stomach

Front 5

Two types of Digestions:

Intra- and extracellular

Extracellular Digestion:

may occur:

1. in simple body cavity (less advanced)
2. outside of body by spewing enzymes
3. in digestive tract
- or - Combination of above

Back 5

Intracellular digestion

taking food into vacule, combining w/ lysosomes

("endocytosis:" use either phagocytosis or pinocytosis)

Hint 5

Extracellular Digestion:

may occur:

1. in simple body cavity (less advanced)
2. outside of body by spewing enzymes
3. in digestive tract
- or - Combination of above

Front 6

what animal group has no digestive cavity?

how do they obtain nutrients?

Back 6

PROTISTA (kingdom) and PORIFERA (of animal kingdom) SPONGE

obtain through phago- or pinocytosis for intracellular digestion

specialized cells of Porifera for digestions:

Choanocytes- Collar cells with central flagellum and microvilli attracts food for intracellular digestions. endocytosis in, exo out to...

Amoebocytes- mobile cell that transports nutrients

Hint 6

specialized cells of Porifera for digestions:

Choanocytes- Collar cells with central flagellum and microvilli attracts food for intracellular digestions. endocytosis in, exo out to...

Amoebocytes- mobile cell that transports nutrients

Front 7

SPONGOCOEL- large central body cavity

Osculum-opening to body cavity, excretory structure at top

Porocyte - permits water in

Back 7

what is the only multicellular animal without a specialized and efficient digestive cavity?

porifera/sponge

Evolutionary advantage of Advanced extracellular digestion

animal permitted to digest particles larger than a cell

Hint 7

Evolutionary advantage of Advanced extracellular digestion

animal permitted to digest particles larger than a cell

Front 8

Combination of Extracellular and Intracellular Digestion

Cnidarians:

hydra, jelly fish

Back 8

defining features of Hydra:

cnidocytes (for capturing pray)
mouth
gastrovascular cavity (extracellular)
phagocytosis by Gastrodermal cells (intracellular)

Hydras are only two cells in thickness:

epidermis
gastrodermis

Hint 8

cnidocytes (for capturing pray)
mouth
gastrovascular cavity (extracellular)
phagocytosis by Gastrodermal cells (intracellular)

Hydras are only two cells in thickness:

epidermis
gastrodermis

Front 9

hydra's gastrodermal cells release enzymes into gastrovascular cavity where food is partially digested.

Phagocytosis occurs to complete digestion (*intracellular)

Back 9

parts of hydra:

Nematocyst-
'thread' released by trigger to wrap around pray.
located on tips of tentacles

Hint 9

parts of hydra:

cnidocyte
specialized cell associated with tentacle containing nematocyst's coiled thread

Front 10

PLANARIA

flat worm, bi-lateral

animal dumps enzymes onto prey in the enviroment

pharynx for extracelluar digestion

highly branched bifurcated gastrovascular cavity

cells lining cavity digest intracellularly

undigested wastes eliminated through mouth

Back 10

What was the first animal group to have a true extracellular digestive system?

Nematoda - roundworms

Hint 10

Nematoda - roundworms

Front 11

Nematoda - roundworms

two fundamental advancements in digestion of more advanced invertebrates:

Back 11

extracellular digestion coupled with absorption

one-way flow (food in, food out || alimentary tract)
-- mouth to anus/cloaca