Bio Ii Ap-Ch2-5

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matter

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anything that takes up space and has mass

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element

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substance that cannot be broken down anymore

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compound

Back 3

substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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trace elements

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elements required by organisms in only minute quantities

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atomic mass

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total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of an atom

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mass number

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sum of protons plus neutrons

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cohesion

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binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

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adhesion

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clinging one substance to another

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surface tension

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measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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heat

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measure of total amount of kinetic energy

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specific heat

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amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of substance to change its temp by 1˚C

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calorie

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amount of heat required for 1g of water to change its temp by 1˚C

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heat of vaporization

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amount of heat liquid must absorb for 1g of it to turn into gas

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evaporative cooling

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effect of liquid surface becoming cool as liquid evaporates-happens b/c hottest molecules are the ones that evaporate

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solution

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liquid that is homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

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aqueous solution

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where water is the solvent

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hydration shell

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sphere of water molecules surrounding individual dissolved ions

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colloid

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when substances dont dissolve completely in water but just suspend there

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hydrocarbons

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molecules only of carbon and hydrogen

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structural isomers

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differ in covalent arrangement of atoms but have same number of atoms

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isomer

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same number of atoms of an element but different structure

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geometric isomers

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isomer with same structure but different locations of the atoms

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enantiomers

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molecules that are mirror images of each other; carbohydrates

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condensation reaction

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loss of water molecule leads to covalent bonding between monomers

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monomers

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repeating building unit in polymers

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polymers

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long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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dehydration reaction

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loss of water molecule leads to covalent bonding between monomers

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hydrolysis

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water molecule gained, causing separation in a polymer

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lipids

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compounds with little or no affinity towards water

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fat

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constructed of 1 glycerole & 3 fatty acids by ester linkages

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glycerole

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alcohol with three carbons, each with a hydroxl group

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fatty acid

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long carbon chain; carboxylic acid

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ester linkage

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bonds that make fat

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saturated fatty acid

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no double bonds are present in the fatty acid, so as many hydrogens that can join have already joined

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unsaturated fatty acid

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double bonds exist in fatty acid so more hydrogen atoms could attach

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phospholipid

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instead of 3 fatty acids, there are only two attached to glycerole; ambivalent towards water b/c of hydrophilic layer on the outside & hydrophobic layer pointing inwards

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steroid

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lipid with w/ carbon skeleton w/ 4 fused rings

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cholesterol

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steroid

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enzyme

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protein that regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts

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peptides

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polymers of amino acids

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protein

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consist of one or more polypeptide

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amino acids

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organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups; monomer of protein

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peptide bonds

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dehydration reaction that forms when amino group of one amino acid is adjacent to carboxyl group of other amino acid; protein

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primary structure

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unique sequence of amino acids

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secondary structure

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either beta pleated sheets or alpha helix

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tertiary structure

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overall structure of a polypeptide-formed by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds & disulfide bridges

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disulfide bridges

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form where two cysteine monomers (amino acids with sulfhydryl groups on the end)are brought close together by bending of protein so two sulfurs join up

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quaternary structure

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multiple polypepide threads together

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nucleic acid

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macromolecule

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nucleotide

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monomer for nucleic acid & polynucleotide; composed of pentose sugar, nitrogen base & phosphate group

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polynucleotide

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polymer

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pyrimidine

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C, T & U

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purine

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A & G