**bio Genetics & Heredity!!!

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THE STUDY OF HEREDITY

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GENETICS

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GENETIC INFO PASSED ON THRU OFFSPRING

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HEREDITY

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DNA IS LOCATED IN THE

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NUCLEUS

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DNA IS THE

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HEREDITY INFO

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DNA IS ROLLED UP INTO

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CHROMOSOMES

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GENES ARE LOCATED ON THE CHROMOSOMES AND HAVE?

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CODED PIECES OF INFO

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ALL GENES AN ORGANISM HAS

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GENOME

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HUMANS HAVE HOW MANY GENOMES?

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100,000

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HOW MANY PAIRS OF NUCLEOTIDES DO GENES HAVE

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10,000

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WHATS THE SHAPE OF DNA

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DOUBLE HELIX

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WHAT IS DNA MADE OUT OF?

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NUCLEOTIDES

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WHAT ARE THE 3 PIECES THAT NUCLEOTIDES ARE MADE OF

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SUGAR, PHOSPHATE, NITROGENAS BASE (ATGC)

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4 BASES FOUND IN DNA

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-ADENINE(A)
-THYMINE(T)
-GUANINE (G)
CYTOSINE (C)
AT GC
A PAIRS WITH T AND G WITH C

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WHEN DNA NEEDS TO COPY WHAT DOES IT DO

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UNZIPS AND SEPERATES

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EACH STRAND OF DNA IS A PATTERN WHAT?

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TEMPLATE

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USING BASE PAIRS 2 NEW STRANDS ARE FORMED AND ARE __________ TO THE ORIGINALS

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IDENTICAL

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WHAT IS SIMILAR TO DNA BUT SINGLE STRANDED

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RNA

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WHAT IS THE SUGAR IN RNA

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RIBOSE

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WHAT DOES RNA HAVE INSTEAD OF "T" IN RNA

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(U) URACIL
SO A MATCHES WITH U AND G WITH C STILL

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WHAT DOES DNA CODE FOR

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PROTEINS

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WHAT ARE 2 STEPS IN MAKING PROTEINS

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1. TRANSCRIPTION
2. TRANSLATION

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PASSES GENETIC INFO FROM DNA TO RNA

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TRANSCRIPTION

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WHERE DOES TRANSCRIPTION HAPPEN

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IN NUCLEUS

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IN TRANSCRIPTION DNA _______ AND IS A TEMPLATE FOR MAKING mRNA

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UNZIPS

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(MESSANGER RNA) COPIES CODE AND BRINGS TO RIBOSOMES

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mRNA

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WHERE DOES TRANSLATION HAPPEN

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IN THE CYTOPLASM AT THE RIBOSOMES

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WHAT DOES TRANSLATION INVOLVE

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mRNA AND tRNA (TRANSFER RNA)

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mRNA HAS _____________ (GROUPS OF 3 BASES)

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CONDONS

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CONDONSS CODE FOR SPECIFIC?

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AMINO ACIDS

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tRNA TRANSLATES THE CONDONS INTO AMINO ACIDS AND BRINGS THE AMINO ACIDS TO WHERE?

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THE RIBOSOMES WHERE THE PROTEIN IS ASSEMBLED

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GENETIC MAKE UP

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GENOTYPE

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PHYSICAL AND OBSERVABLE TRAITS

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PHENOTYPE

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INHERITED TRAIT SHOWS UP IN THE ORGANISM

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DOMINANCE

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INHERITED TRAIT HIDDEN BY DOMINANT TRAIT AND NOT SEEN IN ORGANISM

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RECESSIVE

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GENDER DEPENDS ON WHAT?

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ABSENCE/PRESCENCE OF CERTAIN CHROMOSOMES

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HUMANS HAVE 23 PAIRS (46 CHROMOSOMES)
HAS 22 PAIRS OF _____________
AND I PAIR OF ____________

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22 PAIRS OF AUTOSOMES
1 PAIR OF SEX CHROMOSOMES

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SEX CHROMOSOMES ARE _ AND _ AND DETERMINE GENERDER

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X AND Y

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sperm cells have 1 or 2 types

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x or y

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EGG ONLY HAVE

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1

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IF THE SPERM CELL HAS AN X THEN THE ZYGOTE IT WILL BE

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XX FEMALE

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IF THE SPERM CELL HAS A Y THEN THE ZYGOTE WILL BE

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XY MALE

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MONK WHO STUDIED PEA PLANTS
DETERMINED 2 LAWS 1. LAW OF DOMINANCE
2. LAW OF SEGREATION

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GREGOR MENDEL

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WHEN CROSSING 2 PURE TRAITS ONLY ONE TRAIT WILL BE IN THE NXT GENERATION, THE ONE THAT APPEARS ALONE IS THE DOMINANT
THE ONE NOT SEEN IS THE RECESSIVE

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LAW OF DOMINANCE

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HAVING PAIR OF IDENTICAL GENES FOR THE TRAIT (PURE)

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HOMOZYGOUS

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HAVE 2 DIFFERENT GENES (ALLELES) FOR A TRAIT (HYBRID)

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HETEROZYGOUS

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DETERMINED WHEN MENDEL WORKED WITH PEA PLANTS (LOOKED AT THE COLOR)
PURE YELLOW PRODUCED ONLY YELLOW OFFSPRING
CROSS POLLINATED YELLOW AND GREEN

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LAW OF SEGREGATION

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DETERMINES PROBABILITY OF OBTAINING RESULTS IN GENETIC CROSSES

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PUNNETT SQUARES

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DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS ABSENCE/PRESENCE OF A TRAIT IN ALL MEMBERS OF EACH GENERATION

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PEDIGREE

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PROCESS OF MANIPULATING GENES
CAN BE USED TO TRANSFER GENES FROM 1 ORGANISM TO ANOTHER
ALSO GIVES ABILITY TO PRODUCE THINGS LIKE INSULIN IN LARGE AMOUNTS

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GENETIC ENGINEERING

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METHOD OF SEPERATING MOLECULES BASED ON SIZE AND SHAPE

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GEL ELECTROPHERESIS

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MAKING A COPY OF AN INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
REMOVE NUCLEUS OF EGG CELL AND INSERT DNA FROM DONOR INTO EGG CELL

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CLONING

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RANDOM CHANCE EVENTS THAT CHANGE THE DNA SEQUENCE
OCCURS IN GAMETES AND CAN BE PASSED ON TO OFFSPRING

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MUTATIONS

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WHAT ARE MUTATIONS CAUSED BY

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EXPOSURE TO TOXINS/RADIATION

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ABNORMAL CHANGE IN STRUCTURE OR # OF CHROMOSOMES

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CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

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CHANGE THAT AFFECTS GENE ON CHROMOSOME
CELL MAKES ABNORMAL PROTEINS
A. POINT MUTATION
B. FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

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GENE MUTATIONS

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GENE MUTATION INVOLVING A SING NUCLEOTIDE
mRNA CODES ACT TO MEAN STOP WHICH MEANS THE PROTEIN WILL NOT BE MADE

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POINT MUTATION

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INSERTING/DELETING OF ONE OR MORE NUCLEOTIDES

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FRAME SHIFT MUTATIONS

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1. SEX-LINKED
2. AUTOSOMAL GENETIC
3. CHROMOSOMAL GENETIC

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HUMAN GENETIC DISORDERS

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TRAIT CONTROLLED BY GENES FOUND ON SEX CHROMOSOMES
MALE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE THESE,

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SEX LINKED TRAITS

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HEMOPHILIA
AFFECTS ABILITY TO CLOT BLOOD
ALMOST EXCLUSIVE TO MALES

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SEX LINKED DISORDER

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22 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES ARE CALLED AUTOMSOMES
ANY MUTATION TO THE FIRST 22 PAIRS IS ATUOSOMAL

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AUTOSOMAL

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NEEDLE INSERTED INTO AMNIOTIC SAC AND SOME OF THE FLUID IS REMOVED
CELLS ARE OBSERVED TO SEE IF THERE ARE ANY ABNORMALATIES

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AMNIOCENTESIS

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SAMPLE OF BLOOD IS TAKEN
CHROMOSOMS ARE SEPERATED AND PHOTOGRAPHED
PHOTOGRAPH IS REARRANGED TO SHOW PAIRS

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KARYOTYPE