Bio Genetics Bio

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Double Helix

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a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, esp. that in the structure of the DNA molecule.

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Complementary Base Pairs

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ATGC

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Chromosome

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Carries genetic information in the form of genes

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Protein Synthesis

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Refers to the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins

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Variation

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A modification in structure, form or function in an organism, deviating from other organisms of the same species or group.

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Categorical/Discontinuous Variation

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Distinct features cannot be measured across a complete range. For example you either have one distinct trait or the other

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Continuous Variation

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There is a complete range of measurements. For example height

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P- value

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The probability of getting the results you did (or more extreme results) given that the null hypothesis is true.

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Gene

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a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

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Trait

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a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.

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Allele

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one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

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Genotype

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the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

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Homozygous

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In a particular gene when identical alleles of the gene are present on both homologous chromosomes.

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Heterozygous

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When both dominant and recessive allele are present

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Dominant

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the form of a gene that is expressed if present and dominates the recessive form

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Recessive

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A gene/allele that is masked by the dominant gene/allele.

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Co-dominance

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A condition where the both alleles are neither dominant nor recessive (for heterozygous only).

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Multiple alleles

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Three or more alleles for a particular gene

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Probability

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Probability measures the chance of an event to occur.

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Law of Segregation

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States that paired alleles are separated during gamete formation.

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Law of Independent Assortment Pattern of Inheritance

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States that alleles of a gene separating independently from alleles of another gene.

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Autosome

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Any chromosome not considered as a sex chromosome, or is not involved in sex determination.

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Sex-linkage/ X-linkage

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when a gene is located on one of the sex chromosomes instead of the other chromosome

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P/F1/F2 Generations

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The first filial generation, which is comprised of offspring(s) resulting from a cross between strains of distinct genotypes.

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Offspring

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New organisms produced by a living thing.

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Carrier

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When a heterozygous individual bearing an unexpressed defective gene i.e disease

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Purebred

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An animal that is of pure bred, parents of individual of same species

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Hybrid

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An offspring resulting from the cross between parents of different species or sub-species.

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Test cross

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Crossing an organism with dominant genotype to a recessive homozygote for a specific phenotype in order to determine dominance/recessiveness of the unknown genotype and the pattern of inheritance based on the phenotype of each progeny

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Punnett grid/square2

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A tool that helps to show all possible allelic combinations of gametes in a cross of parents with knowngenotypes in order to predict the probability of their offspring possessing certain sets of alleles.

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Blood Type

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Blood type of an individual, either type A, B or O

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Homologous Chromosomes

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One of a pair of chromosomes

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Fertilization

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A process in sexual reproduction that involves the union of male (sperm) and female (ovum) gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

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Gamete

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Sex cells

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Mutation

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When a change occurs in a gene or chromosome

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Genetic Disease

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A genetic disease

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Karyotype

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The characterization of the chromosome complement of a species (such as the shape, type, number, etc. of chromosomes).