Bio Final Terms

Front 1

Biology

Back 1

Study of life

Front 2

Two Book Diagram

Back 2

You can understand the world through two different ways: Scripture and creation. These are interpreted by different people as well.

Front 3

Current Extinction Rate

Back 3

30,000-50,000

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Biodiversity

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The variety of life in the world, or in particular habitat, or eco system

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Triangle Diagram

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Diagram that wshows the relationship between God, creation, and humans, and ow that relationship has been distorted by sin.

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Scientific methods

Back 6

observe, question, research, hyothesis, experiment, treatment, contro, replicates, data collection and analysis, evaluate hypothesis

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Fittingness

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one possible explanation for shalom, this is a way in which al things fit together as God intenend.

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Carbon Neutrality

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This occurs when a place can absorb as much carbon emissions as it emits.

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Hot spot

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a place of high, but threatened biodiversity. Wilson hilights a couple dozon around the wold, most fo which are in the tropic. Thought they only occupy 2.3% of the earth's surface, they contain 43% of earth's invertebrates

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Micro-wilderness

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Micro-wilderness arespots of biodiverse areas, but in a smaller form. Take the natural “island”outside of the Calvin Science Building, it is untouched and un-kept by humans,and contains very many different kinds of plants

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Mesozoic

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The age of thereptiles (dinosaur age). This age was brought to an end by a meteor that hitthe Yucatan Peninsula in present-day Mexico, which was the fifth greatextinction

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Lazarus Species

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A species that is soendangered that it dwindles down to just one couple, which regenerates thespecies once again. This can give people false hope, however, as it is a veryrare occurrence

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Pauperization

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Refers to thedestruction that our species has caused the earth by essentially poisoning theworld. The specific ways can be divided into five categories: habitat loss,invasive species, pollution, human over-population, and over-harvesting.

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Niche

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Wilsonexplained that humans have a small “niche”. What he means by this is thathumans require a very specific environment in order to survive. With ourcurrent actions, more and more we are destroying this environment and thenecessities for human survival.

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Nature vs Natural

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Barnosky and Wilsonhad differing viewpoints on the definitions of what makes something nature ornatural

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Wilson includes humanimpact to be a part of naturenatuure

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False

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A lawn requires constantcare making it a diverse ecosystem.

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False

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There is a strongcorrelation between human population growth and extinction rate

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True

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NegativeFeedback loop

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Whensomething is causing a change in a system, and then a response occurs to bringthe original change back to a homeostasis (EX: Humans are making the earthhotter and hotter...if we stop doing the things we are doing to make it so hot,the earth will naturally return to its optimum temperature...i.e. Return tohomeostasis.)

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GlobalWarming

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the overall general warming of the earth’s atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect caused by constant Carbon Dioxide and other pollutants released into the atmosphere.

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Gloger’sRule

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More heavily pigmented species tend to live in warmer climates, close to the equator

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Bergmann's Rule

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Species of larger size are found in colder climates, and species of smaller size are found in warmer climates.

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Allen’sRule

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warmblooded animals native to colder climates have shorter limbs than those nativeto warmer climates

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Root’sRule

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Basal metabolic rate predicts northernmost extent of many bird species.

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Ecology:

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the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

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Ecologist:

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A scientist that studies how animals and plants interact with their environment. Geographical range = giant amoeba in the past

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Reconciliation Ecology:

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encourages biodiversity in human dominated ecosystems Ex. Bringing birds back to cities by hanging bird feeders in the trees.

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• Microevolution:

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evolution that occurs within a species (Example: when a species of bacteria is exposed to a pesticide to kill it, only the bacteria that are naturally resistant to the pesticide will live, which will cause that specific species to eventually become resistant due to natural selection..this is evolution within one species)

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Evolution:

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change in the genetic makeup of a population (gene pool) over time

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Natural Selection

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Rhe classic term that means survival of the fittest… If a certain individual has specific characteristics or advantages that help them survive better in their own environment, they will more likely be the individual that survives longer over time and can pass on his or her genes through reproduction

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Immigration

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Is when an individual moves into a new niche or habitat

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Emigration:

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IS when an individual moves out of their original niche or habitat

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• Genetic Drift

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random gain or loss of individuals

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• Bottleneck effect:

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a point in history when a population was greatly reduced and eventually recovered, but the few individuals that started the new population were completely random. Their traits had nothing to do with their survival...they just got lucky (RANDOM!!!!)

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Founder effect:

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when a population is split up by chance, and the two new populations gene pools begin to differ because the new genetic makeup of the population will cause the two populations to possibly become their own species

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• Sexual Selection:

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When an individual (usually female) of a species chooses a mate based off of specific traits that look more favorable for reproduction of a viable offspring

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• Mutations:

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random gain or loss of genes

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Theistic evolution:

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Evolution has happened and god intended for evolution to happen

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• Evolutionism:

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Atheists...evolution works so well that we don’t need a god

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• Milankovitch Cycle:

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long term recurring climate cycles based on the earth’s tilt, wobble, spin, etc

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• Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics:

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LaMarck’s proposed mechanism for evolution in which traits that developed during an individual’s lifetime were passed on to offspring (largely unsupported)

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• Isotope:

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different ‘versions’ or ‘fingerprints’ of a molecule that have been extremely useful in understanding climate change (and its anthropogenic sources)

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• Gene Flow:

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movement of genetic material into or out of a population via immigration or emigration

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• Taq Polymerase:

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an enzyme from a bacterium (Thermus aquaticus) found in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park - used extensively in biotechnology to replicate DNA

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• Guard Cells:

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the two kidney-bean shaped cells that control the opening and closing of stomata

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• Intelligent Design:

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theory says evolution happens, but certain aspects of creation are too complex to satisfactorily be explained with evolutionary theory; these show the presence of an intelligent, intentional, supernatural influence

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• STARS:

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Sustainability Tracking, Assessment, and Rating System used to evaluate how sustainable colleges are

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The HIV virus is very good at accurately copying its DNA

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False. Not good at copying its DNA; the virus continually evolves, making it difficult to find a cure.

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Grand Rapids did not make it onto any top 10 list for most sustainable cities

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False

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The Florida Torreyas that were moved to the Smoky Mountains were planted in sites where there were already some Florida Torreyas growing

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False

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Dead zones:

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places in the ocean where there are such low oxygen levels (due to pollution) causing sea creatures to suffocate and die

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Pleistocene:

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Earth warmed, causing glaciers from last ice age to melt. First glacial-interglacial transition at a time when a significant amount of people were distributed over the earth’s surface. ⅔ of all the largest animals on the planet went extinct (ended 11,500 years ago)

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Taq polymerase: It is a molecule used to copy DNA; discovered at Yellowstone National Park. Taq keeps DNA stable during PCR so that ist does not break apart.

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It is a molecule used to copy DNA; discovered at Yellowstone National Park. Taq keeps DNA stable during PCR so that it does not break apart.

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Keystone species:

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Species that have a significant impact on keeping ecosystem running, even if smaller in number. If removed, many other species would be adversely affected, maybe to the point of extinction.

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Rivet-popping hypothesis:

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Extinction of species is like losing rivets on a wing of a plane. If you use a few, it’s fine because others will hold it up. If you lose too many, everything will fall apart. Other species can take its place until they all run out.

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Gang of Four:

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Global warming, habitat loss, invasive species, human population. If one is decreased, all others will decrease as well. And vice versa if one increases, all others will increase.

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Pleistocene Rewilding:

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Replacing lost species in certain ecosystems with similar ones.

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Assisted Migration:

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The act of deliberately moving plants or animals to a different habitat in a response to climate change.

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Carbon neutral

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Achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with equivalent amount sequestered or offset.

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Ocean Chemistry:

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Oceans will become more acidic b/c they are absorbing more CO2 → it will affect coral reefs and other sea life negatively.

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Why are sea levels rising?

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Water warming up expands causes sea levels to rise

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Some precipitation patterns?

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Warm air stores more water vapor causing additional precipitation which leads to flooding, more storms, more snow

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Some Temperature Patterns?

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CO2 and other gasses are being trapped in the atmosphere causing temperature to rise.

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How are hurricanes doin?

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Warmer ocean surface temperatures leads to more evaporation and more intense hurricanes

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How are developin gcountries doin?

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: Global temps will go up by 4 degrees celsius in the next century. 95% of fatalities from natural disasters will occur in developing countries

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How is biodiversity doing?

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Overall biodiversity will decrease. More species will go extinct. The rate and magnitude of increased climate change forces adaptation and the species that can’t adapt fast enough will go extinct.

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How are human infectious diseases doing?

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The warmer it gets, the more mosquitoes, flies, ticks, will be able to carry and spread diseases because of the longer warm season.

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• Nutritionism –

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We focus on one aspect of the food, instead of what the food has to offer as a whole. We tend to get paranoid if a certain food does not have a specific nutrient we think is important, and ignore the other nutrients of the food.

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• Dead zone –

Back 69

a place where you can no longer farm, or harvest, because there is no longer enough nutrition in the ground

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• Adaptation

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– the human body’s ability to adapt to certain foods, such as lactose.

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Why should we Eat food, mostly plants, not too much

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– as humans it is evident that we need food, however we most benefits from food that come from plants, and we should not eat as much as we possibly can

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• French Paradox

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in France, they eat richer foods than we do, and make a bigger deal of meals, however they are healthier than we are because of portion size, what time they eat their food, and how slowly they eat it

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• Orthorexics –

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eating right (Pollan says we have an unhealthy obsession with this)

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• Aborigines -

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The original diet, eating food strictly from the land.

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• Carnitine -

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chemical and meat; when bacteria digest it they release TMAO, causing cholesterol to increase, elevating coronary heart disease

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Protein

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any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies

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Amino acids

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a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.

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• Carbohydrates -

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any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose.

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• The Western diet is the only cause of most western diseases

Back 79

False

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• CSA stands for: community supported agriculture

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True

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• After 7 weeks off the Western diet, Australian Aborigines’ health stayed the same

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False

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• Some proposed alternative causes of the Western diseases (besides the Western diet) include genetic and demographic causes

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True

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• You have to remove nutrients from food in order for it to be able to travel long distances stably and resist pests

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True

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Mitosis-

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replicates a diploid cell into two new diploid cells

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Meiosis-

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replicates a diploid cell into more haploid gametes

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French Paradox-

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The French really value food and are not tuned into what is best for you, yet remain fairly slim because they eat at designated times of the day, the same courses for a meal, and view eating as an “event”. They don’t snack

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Amniocentesis-

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Prenatal medical procedure that shows abnormalities in the chromosomes and infections in the fetus by sampling part of the amniotic fluid

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Hadza People-

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Hunter-gatherers with higher density of gut microbes. They have low rates of cancer and diabetes because they only eat what nature has to offer. They have to go out and get their own food.

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All DNA is used for coding protein

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False

Front 90

Sickle Cell Disease affects the shape of hemoglobin produced

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True

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It is more likely for diseases to be passed on by dominant alleles

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False

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A phenotype is a physical trait that results from allele

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True

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A heterozygous gene would be Tt

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true

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Dead Zones can be produced from how we perform agriculture

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True

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Pollan has seven very special words he always cited, and they are “Eat foods, lots of plants, sometimes meats”

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false

Front 96

Studies involving indigenous people like the Aborigines have shown that negative effects of a Western diet cannot be reversed in a relatively short period of time

Back 96

False, yeh

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Autopolyploid

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an individual or strain whose chromosome complement consists of more than two complete copies of the genome of a single ancestral species

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Allopolyploid

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a polyploid individual or strain having a chromosome set composed of two or more chromosome sets derived more or less complete from different species

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Aneuploidy

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Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes, which is called euploidy.

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Polyploid

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of a cell or nucleus) containing more than two homologous sets of chromosomes.

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New Zeeland Broke off before the extinction of Dinosaurs

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true

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Most of the species that arrived on Krakatoa were not capable of surviving inhospitable conditions on arrival.

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False

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You cannot predict evolution due to the many factors that arise. It is very messy

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blew

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Scientists have found that brain size increase over time as Hominids became bipedal.

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True blue

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Rapid change in environment and variability is what drove human evolution.

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true

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Outside of host cells, virus can replicate

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False

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Zika was first transmitted in the United States in July 2016

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Truth

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• Gene therapy:

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a procedure whereby a favorable gene is placed into a virus and therein used to infect the patient in a beneficial way

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Gene

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A section of DNA that contains instructions for a particular function

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• Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs):

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sections of DNA (coding regions or noncoding regions) that differ by only one base pair in some individuals. SNPs

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• Orphan disease:

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A disease that affects less than 200,000 people in the U.S. but there are a lot of them, so altogether they affect a large amount of people

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• Exons:

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a coding segment for proteins in the genes

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• Introns:

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removable interruptions in coding sequences for proteins. They are starts and stops. They do not code.

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• Copy Number Variations (CNPs):

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Sections of DNA that are repeated and the number of repeats varies between individuals, a larger section of genetic variation.

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• Scientific Definition of “Race”:

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“A geographically isolates breeding population that shares certain characterizes in higher frequencies than other populations of that species”

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• Benign:

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a non-spreading type of cancer.

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• Epidemiology:

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the study of geographic and temporal patterns of a disease.

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• For Collins, a mutation is good

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(False. For Collins a mutation is also a reference to a bad change. Any other change he simply calls a variant).

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genetic was drift involved in human evolution?

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yes. true

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Cancer is mostly hereditary?

Back 120

(False, it is mostly a result of mutations occurring throughout life)

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• Ashkenazi Jews heritage is associated with Tay-Sachs disease

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Truth

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Reconciliation Ecology –

Back 122

making our world more liveable for wildlife (ex. Plaster Creek Stewards)

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Shalom –

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peace or everything fits together; fittingness; the knitting back together of creation

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Stewardship –

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taking care of something that belongs to someone else.

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Ecological Footprint –

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the impact of a person or a community, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

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Lazarus species –

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a species headed for extinction, comes perilously close to going extinct, but then make a comeback

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Hot spot –

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area especially rich in biodiversity and particularly rich in rare species, priority locations for conservation work.

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Pauperization –

Back 128

the impoverishment of biodiversity – the direction we are headed if we don’t make any changes.

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Mesozoic –

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the age of the dinosaurs that ended when a meteor struck the earth and changed the climate, ushering in the age of mammals (Cenozoic)

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Carbon neutrality –

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the result when carbon emissions are balanced by carbon sequestration.

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HIPPO –

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Habitat loss, Invasive species, Pollution, human overPopulation, Over-harvesting

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Soil below a mango tree is known as poor man’s manure

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true

Front 133

Wilson says we are the giant meteorite of our time

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True

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All of Calvin College is located in the Plaster Creek Watershed

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fall leaves

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Having fun?

Back 135

Yes