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304 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the seven characteristics of animals?
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1. Eukaryotic
2. (Chemo)heterotrophic 3. No cell wall 4. Motile at some life stage 5. Multicellular 6. Have tissues 7. Life cycle is diplontic |
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What are the four types of tissues?
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- Nervous
- Muscular - Epithelial - Connective |
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What are the three types of structural support?
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- Hydrostatic skeleton
- Exoskeleton - Endoskeleton |
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What is it called when an organism moves from its birth location?
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Dispersal.
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What are the advantages of multicellularity?
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- Cells can stay small in large organisms.
- Specialization of cells for diverse functions. |
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What are the disadvantages of multicellularity?
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- Takes longer for an organism to mature.
- Lots of cell division required. - Energetically costly. |
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What type of tissue can be seen in the Phylum Porifera?
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Sponges have no tissues.
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What organisms share a common ancestor with animals?
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Colonial choanoflagellates.
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In sponges, what is the name of the:
1. Excurrent pore 2. Internal cavity 3. Incurrent pores |
1. Osculum
2. Spongocoel 3. Ostia |
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Digestion in sponges happens:
a) In the spongocoel b) Intracellularly c) In spicules d) In the digestive tract |
b) Intracellularly, by amoebocytes and choanocytes
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What are the two types of asexual reproduction in sponges (and the difference between them)?
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- Fragmentation:
Not self-induced, due to waves and predators. - Budding: Clone of parent. |
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True or false:
Sponges have separate sexes |
False, sponges are hermaphroditic.
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What is the process called where sponges release their sperm?
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Broadcasting.
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What is a zygote?
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Diploid cell resulting from the union of haploid gametes.
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What is an embryo?
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A young animal or plant within a protective structure such as an egg or seed.
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Place the following in order:
Formation of blastula Formation of gastrula Gastrulation Formation of zygote Cleavage Formation of morula |
1. Formation of zygote
2. Cleavage 3. Formation of morula 4. Formation of blastula 5. Gastrulation 6. Gastrula |
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Layers of embryonic cells are ______ layers.
The three types are: |
Germ
- Endoderm - Ectoderm - Mesoderm |
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The nervous system is formed from which germ layer?
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Ectoderm
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The digestive cavity is formed from the _______ of the gastrula.
The opening to the digestive cavity is formed from the ________ of the gastrula. |
Archenteron
Blastopore |
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Gastrulation allows the formation of which two important steps in animal evolution?
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Gut
Tissues |
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What are the three types of cnidarians?
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Scyphozoans
Anthozoans Hydrozoans |
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What are the two body forms of cnidarians?
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Polyp
Medusa |
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Which type of cnidarian has no medusa stage?
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Anthozoan
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Scyphozoans prey upon __________ and are preyed upon by ___________.
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Fish larva
Leatherback turtles |
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Explain the process of "coral bleaching".
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The zooxanthellae (which have a mutualistic relationship with corals) are expelled due to:
Increasing water temperature Increasing UV radiation Pollution Disease |
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Hydra attach to a substrate using their _______________.
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Basal disk
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Three types of symmetry:
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- Asymmetrical
- Radially symmetrical - Bilaterally symmetrical |
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Sponges have what kind of symmetry?
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Asymmetry
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The presence of a head is called ________
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Cephalization
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What are the two types of protostomes?
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Lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans.
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Flatworms (Platyhelminthes):
Protostome or deuterostome? Ecdysozoan or lophotrochozoan? Digestive cavity or digestive tract? Type of circulatory system? Nerve net or ganglion? Diploblastic or triploblastic? Endo- or ectoparasites? |
Protostome
Lophotrochozoan Digestive cavity No circulatory system Ganglion Triploblastic Endoparasites and ectoparasites |
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What are three types of symbiosis?
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- Commensalism (+/o)
- Parasitic (+/-) - Mutualistic (+/+) |
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Parasites have ____ hosts for dispersal and _____ hosts for reproduction.
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Intermediate
Primary |
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Cnidarians are ______blastic and have _____ symmetry
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Diploblastic
Radial |
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Platyhelminthes are ______blastic and have _____ symmetry
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Triploblastic
Bilateral |
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The two major evolutionary lineages of bilateral symmetry are:
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- Protostomes
- Deuterostomes |
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In protostomes the _____ (blastopore) forms first and the _____ forms second.
Protostomes have a ______ nerve cord. |
Mouth
Anus Ventral |
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In deuterostomes the _____ (blastopore) forms first and the _____ forms second.
Deuterostomes have a _______ nerve cord. |
Anus
Mouth Dorsal |
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True or false: All worms are triploblastic deuterostomes.
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False. All worms are triploblastic PROTOstomes.
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What are the three types of body cavities?
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- Acoelomates
- Pseudocoelomates - Coelomates |
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In coelomates, the ______ lines the entire cavity as a _______.
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Mesoderm
Peristomium |
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Flatworms are ________ates.
Roundworms are ________ates. Annelids are _________ates. |
Acoelom
Pseudocoelom Coelom |
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True or false: Pseudocoelomates have more control over locomotion than coelomates.
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False. They only have muscles on the outside of the hydrostatic cavity.
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Are roundworms lophotrochozoans or ecdysozoans?
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Ecdysozoans, they molt their outer cuticle.
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True or false: Roundworms only have longitudinal muscles.
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True.
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Lophotrochozoans have _______ larvae, which have a band of ______.
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Trochophore
Cilia |
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What are the advantages of segmentation?
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- Multiple copies of organs
- Ganglion in each segment for faster response - Better control of movement - Modification of segments |
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What is regional differentiation?
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Segments are similar but can be modified:
Differentiation of the gut, etc. |
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How do polychaetes move?
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Parapodia.
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True or false: Leeches have setae.
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False, they use suckers for attachment.
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What are the three types of nervous systems?
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- Nerve net
- Ganglia nerves - CNS and PNS |
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What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
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Neuron
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What are the four parts of the neuron and their functions?
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- Dendrite: receives impulses
- Cell body: contains most organelles - Axon: conducts impulses away from the cell body - Axon terminal: synapses with other cells |
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Afferent neurons bring ________ to CNS.
Efferent neurons bring ________ to CNS. |
Sensory info
Motor info |
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What store, relay and integrate info in the CNS?
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Interneurons
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Neurons require a difference in charge across the cell membrane due to ions and negatively-charged proteins. They are said to work __________.
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Electrochemically
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What is the resting potential of a membrane?
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-60mV
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At rest, the positive charge is ______ the membrane, while the negative charge is _______ the membrane.
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Outside
Inside |
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What are the three major processes of an action potential (nerve impulse)?
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- Depolarization
- Repolarization - Na+/K+ pump |
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Which carrier proteins control ion movement?
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- Ion channels
- Ion pumps |
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What is the threshold for action potential?
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-50mV
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What happens during depolarization for an action potential?
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- Threshold reached
- Inside becomes less negative - Stimulus causes Na+ voltage gates to open - Na+ moves inside |
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What happens during repolarization for an action potential?
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- Inside becomes more negative
- Na+ voltage gates close, K+ voltage gates open - K+ moves outside - Hyperpolarization brings the voltage below resting potential - Membrane returns to resting position |
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What function does the Na+/K+ pump serve?
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- After repolarization
- Actively pumps Na+ out, K+ in (back to their original positions) |
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True or false: Action potentials move in one direction only.
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True, action potentials are unidirectional, without loss of strength. "All or none".
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How can vertebrates speed up impulse transmission despite the relatively small diameter of their axons?
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- The axons are wrapped in myelin (Schwann cells)
- There are gaps between each cell called "Nodes of Ranvier" which the impulse will "jump" between. |
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The method vertebrates use to speed up impulse transmission is called _______ _________
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Saltatory conduction (20m/s)
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Do mollusks have a coelom?
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Yes
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Are mollusks segmented?
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No
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What three parts compose the generalized mollusk body plan?
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Foot, visceral mass, mantle.
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What do some mollusks use to scrape nutrients from surfaces?
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Radula
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Which mollusk group has a closed circulatory system?
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Cephalopods
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What are the four mollusk groups?
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- Bivalves
- Cephalopods - Gastropods - Chitons |
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What is the name for the extensions of the exterior mantle bivalves use in filtering food?
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Siphons
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Which mollusk group has a reduced head and hinged shell?
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Bivalves
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Which mollusk group uses a siphon in its mantle cavity in locomotion?
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Cephalopods
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What adaptations to cephalopods have which make them ideal predators?
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- Jet propulsion
- Arms with hooks and suckers - Enlarged brain - Large eyes with lenses - Chitinous beaks - Closed circulatory system - Chromatophores |
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How do cephalopods reproduce?
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- Separate sexes
- Elaborate courtship - Transfer of sperm packets via a specialized arm - Internal fertilization - Females die after laying eggs |
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Name an extant shelled cephalopod.
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Nautilus
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Which mollusk group has undergone a rotation of its visceral mass in some members?
What is this called? |
Gastropods
Torsion |
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What is the most diverse mollusk group?
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Gastropods
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The radula serves what predatory purpose in cone snails?
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A toxic harpoon.
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Which mollusk group has a segmented shell?
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Chitons
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What happens at the end of the axon of a neuron?
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Synapse occurs
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What is a synapse?
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The junction between axon terminals and the target cell.
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What do presynaptic neurons release into the synaptic cleft?
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Neurotransmitters
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Excitatory neurotransmitters cause ____polarization.
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de
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Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause _____polarization
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hyper
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What is the neurotransmitter called?
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Acetylcholine
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Describe the steps of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction.
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1. Action potential reaches the axon terminal
2. Depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and Ca2+ flows in 3. Ca2+ causes vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane 4. ACh is released and diffuses across the cleft, binding to a receptor on the muscle cell 5. Chemically gated channels open, Na+ diffuses in, depolarization occurs. 6. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open as AP continues along muscle cell 7. ACh is broken down, taken back into the axon terminal and recycled |
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What breaks down ACh after synapse occurs?
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Acetylcholinesterase
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If the ACh were inactivated, the muscle would:
a) not contract b) contract once, as normal c) contract indefinitely |
c
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Which types of drugs interact with excitatory neurotransmitters (can be multiple)?
a) Nerve gases and insecticides b) Anti-depressants c) Anti-anxiety drugs d) Tetrodotoxin e) Anesthetics |
a and b
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Which types of drugs cause inhibitory effects at synapses (can be multiple)?
a) Nerve gases and insecticides b) Anti-depressants c) Anti-anxiety drugs d) Tetrodotoxin e) Anesthetics |
Anti-anxiety drugs
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What is one example of an excitatory neurotransmitter?
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Seratonin
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What are the three types of muscle?
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Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
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Which type of muscle is voluntarily controlled?
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Skeletal muscle
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Which type of muscle lines the internal organs?
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Smooth muscle
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Which type of muscle can generate its own action potential?
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Cardiac muscle
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The contractile unit of a muscle cell is a _______
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Sarcomere
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Myofibrils are bundles of ______ filaments
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Protein
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_____ are thin filaments, ______ are thick filaments
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Actin
Myosin |
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What shortens during contraction?
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H zone and sarcomere
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Actin filaments are composed of:
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Actin monomers
Tropomyosin Troponin |
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Myosin filaments are composed of:
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Myosin
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Where are myosin binding sites located?
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On actin monomers
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What covers the myosin binding sites?
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Tropomyosin
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What binds to calcium during muscle contraction?
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Troponin monomers
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What causes the myosin head to bend?
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When it binds to actin
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How is energy released?
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The myosin head hydrolizes ATP to ADP
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What causes the muscle to relax?
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The absence of Ca2+
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True or false: Energy is not required to relax the muscle
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False
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How does Ca2+ enter the sarcomere?
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Through the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What are muscles called which act in opposite directions?
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Antagonistic
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Do muscles pull or push?
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Pull
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What do muscles need to act against?
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A resistor (skeleton)
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What are the two types of opposing muscles called?
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Flexors and extensors
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What is the largest phylum?
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Arthropods
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What kind of skeleton do arthropods have? What is it composed of?
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Exoskeleton, composed of chitin and protein. Formed from the epidermis. Non-living.
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What are the advantages of having an exoskeleton?
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- Physical support
- Place for muscle attachment - Physical protection from predators, abrasion and dessication - Location of pigments important in mating and camoflauge - Jointed appendages allow faster motion |
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What are the disadvantages of having an exoskeleton?
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- Often inflexible and heavy
- Continuous growth not possible - Requires energy to form and shed - Prevents use of cilia - Respiration through skin not possible |
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What structures do arthropods use in respiration?
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Trachae (tubes) and spiracles (pores)
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What is it called when the exoskeleton is molted?
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Ecdysis
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Describe continuous growth
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Mass continuously grows
Size changes in a step-wise fashion |
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What are the four classes of arthropods?
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Hexapods
Crustaceans Myriapods Chelicerates |
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Which of the following is not a mandibulate?
a) Hexapods b) Crustaceans c) Myriapods d) Chelicerates |
d) Chelicerates
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Which phylum was the first to colonize land?
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Arthropods
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What do crustaceans use in respiration?
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Internal gills
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Most arthropods lay eggs, but scorpions give birth to "_________"
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Live young
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Arthropods reproduce asexually by _________
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Parthenogenesis
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Is sexual reproduction in arthropods on land internal or external or both?
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Internal
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Is sexual reproduction in arthropods in the water internal or external or both?
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Both
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What are the three body regions of hexapods?
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Head, thorax, abdomen
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What appendages are on the head of hexapods?
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Antennae, mandibles
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Arthropods have a(n) _________ circulatory system and a _______ nerve cord
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Open
Dorsal |
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1/3 of insects are _______
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Beetles
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Myriapods can be split into:
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Centipedes
Millipedes |
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How do the feeding habits of centipedes and millipedes differ?
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Centipedes are carnivores
Millipedes are herbivores and detritivores |
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Arachnids are included in which arthropod group?
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Chelicerates
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True or false: All arthropods have mandibles.
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False, chelicerates do not have mandibles.
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The fangs in chelicerates are called _____
The pincers and copulatory organs are called _________ |
Chelicerae (first appendage)
Pedipalps (second appendage) |
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A change in morphology from molting is called __________
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Metamorphosis
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Which arthropod group continues molting as adults?
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Crustaceans
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A larval stage in an insect is called an _____
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Instar
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How do complete and incomplete metamorphosis differ?
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Complete:
Has abrupt changes in form Juvenile does not resemble adult Resting stage (pupa) Major habitat changes Incomplete is the opposite |
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What type of substance is required for molting?
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A diffusible substance (hormone)
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Hormones are secreted by ____________ cells
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Endocrine
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Most hormones are distributed by _____
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Blood
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Which two hormones are involved in molting in arthropods?
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PTTH and ecdysone
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PTTH is:
a) A growth hormone, stored anteriorly b) A growth hormone, stored posteriorly c) A neurohormone, stored anteriorly d) A neurohormone, stored posteriorly |
d)
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PTTH controls the activity of the __________ gland
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Prothoracic
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Ecdysone is produced by the ______ gland
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Prothoracic
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The target cells of ecdysone are ________
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Epidermis
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How does the brain respond to ecdysone? What is this called?
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Shuts off PTTH
Negative feedback |
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What is the function of the juvenile hormone?
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Prevents maturation, allows developmental stages of metamorphosis by being produced in declining quantities.
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What are the two "body control systems"?
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- Nervous system
- Endocrine system |
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The endocrine system is ______ and _______
The nervous system is ________ and _______ a) slower, short-term, faster, long-term b) Faster, short-term, slower, long-term c) Slower, long-term, faster, short-term d) Faster, long-term, slower, short-term |
c)
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How do the endocrine system and nervous system work together?
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- Neurons trigger hormone release
- Neurons in the hypothalamus make hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland |
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Which of the following is not involved in the endocrine system?
a) Hypothalamus b) Kidney c) Thyroid gland/parathyroid glands d) Pancreas e) Posterior pituitary |
b)
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Hormone release is controlled by a ______ feedback system
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Negative
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Name two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
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- Oxytocin
- ADH |
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What effect does oxytocin have on:
The uterus Mammary glands |
Contractions
Milk release |
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How does ADH affect the kidney?
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Conserves water, concentrates urine, triggered by low blood pressure
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Hormones:
a) Affect the expression of a gene b) Alter the activity of an existing enzyme c) Change the permeability of the cell membrane d) All of the above |
d)
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Which organ produces insulin?
|
Pancreas
|
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How does glucose affect the body?
|
Lowers blood glucose levels
|
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What is the "disease of high blood sugar" called?
|
Diabetes mellitus
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What are the differences between Type I and Type II diabetes?
|
Type I
- Pancreatic cells do not make insulin - Treated with insulin shots Type II - Target cells unresponsive to insulin - Treated by diet or exercise to restore sensitivity to insulin |
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Which type of diabetes do juveniles typically develop?
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Type I
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If blood glucose is too high, the pancreas _____ cells lower it with ________
If blood glucose is too low, the pancreas ______ cells raise it with _______ a) alpha, insulin, beta, glucagon b) beta, insulin, alpha, glucagon c) alpha, glucagon, beta, insulin d) beta, glucagon, beta, insulin |
b)
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What does vitamin D assist with?
|
Regulation of Ca2+
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If blood calcium is too high, the ________ lower(s) it with ________
If blood calcium is too low, the ______ raise(s) it with _______ a) parathyroid glands, calcitonin, thyroid gland, PTH b) parathyroid glands, PTH, thyroid gland, calcitonin c) thyroid gland, calcitonin, parathyroid glands, PTH d) thyroid gland, PTH, parathyroid glands, calcitonin |
c)
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Protostomes have a _____ nervous cord, anus is _____ opening, heart is located ______, hard skeleton is ________
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Ventral
Second Dorsal External |
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In protostomes, the coelom develops from _______
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Schizocoely
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What is schizocoely?
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Splitting within the mesoderm, occurs in protostomes
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In deuterostomes, the coelom develops from ______
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Enterocoely
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What is enterocoely?
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The mesoderm forms from pockets in the gut, occurs in deuterostomes
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Spiral cleavage is seen in some ____________
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Lophotrochozoans
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Is spiral cleavage or radial cleavage the ancestral condition for animals?
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Radial cleavage
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Sea stars are a member of which phylum?
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Echinoderms
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Do echinoderms have an endo- or exoskeleton?
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Endoskeleton
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What is the skeleton of echinoderms composed of?
|
CaCO3 which grows continuously by constant enlargement and addition of plates
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What type of symmetry is present in echinoderms?
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Pentaradial symmetry in adults, bilateral symmetry in larvae
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The upward-facing anus of echinoderms is said to be the _____ surface
The downward-facing mouth of echinoderms is said to be the ______ surface |
Aboral
Oral |
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How does the vascular system of echinoderms differ from that of other phyla?
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They have a unique water vascular system
|
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Describe the water vascular system
|
- Water-filled tubes end in tube feet (podia)
- Used for locomotion, excretion, feeding, respiration - Contains sensory structures |
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What is the pore in echinoderms which water enters and exits through?
|
Madreporite
|
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How do echinoderms reproduce?
|
- Fragmentation, regeneration
To escape predation and to decrease chances of infection - Parthenogenesis: development of unfertilized egg - Sexually: separate sexes, broadcast spawning, external fertilization, larvae |
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What groups are included in echinoderms?
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Crinoids
Echinoids Holothuroids Asteroids Ophiuroids |
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How do crinoids feed?
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Filter-feeding
|
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What type of relationship do sea cucumbers have with pearlfish?
|
Commensal
|
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How do sea cucumbers defend themselves?
|
Expelling sticky tissues from their anus
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Describe the feeding habits of sea stars.
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Predatory, invert stomach, digest prey without ingesting.
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What are the three unique characteristics of chordates?
|
Post-anal tail
Notochord Dorsal hollow nerve cord |
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True or false: pharyngeal slits are an ancestral condition of chordates.
|
True
|
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What is the process which forms the hollow dorsal nerve cord?
|
Neurulation
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Where can segmentation be seen in chordates?
|
Muscles (myomeres)
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Name the three groups of chordates
|
Vertebrates
Cephalochordates Urochordates |
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Sea squirts are a part of which chordate group?
|
Urochordates
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Which chordate characteristics do urochordates exhibit as larvae?
|
All three of them
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Which group has a body surrounded by a "tunic"?
a) Schiphozoans b) Urochordates c) Echinoderms |
b)
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What is the pharynx of urochordates lined with?
|
Mucus and cilia
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How do urochordate larvae become adults?
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Settle on their heads, pharynx enlarges, tail degenerates, lose notochord
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Describe members of cephalochordates
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Lancelets, fish-like, neural tube is dorsal hollow nerve cord
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During which weeks does neurulation occur in human embryos?
a) 1-2 b) 3-4 c) 5-6 d) 7-8 |
b)
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Which germ layer is the notochord derived from?
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Mesoderm
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What kind of tissue is the notochord composed of?
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Connective tissue
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What is the vertebrate's replacement for the notochord?
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Vertebral column
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Which of the following features to adult humans possess?
a) Hollow dorsal nerve cord b) Notochord c) Post-anal tail d) Pharyngeal pouches |
a)
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Where are pharyngeal slits located?
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Lateral surface of the head
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Pharyngeal were an ancestral condition in deuterostomes. Where was this lost?
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Echinderms
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What are the pharyngeal slits derived from? The mesoderm, the endoderm or the ectoderm?
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All three
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What is the function of pharyngeal slits?
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- Filter-feeding
- Respiration in fish (O2 and CO2 exchanged across gills) |
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How many gill filaments do fish have?
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16
(4 pairs of gill arches, each with a pair of gill filaments) |
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What is it called when water and blood flow in opposite directions in gills?
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Counter-current exchange
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How many chambers are in a fish heart?
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Two chambers (auricle and ventricle)
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The fish's heart pumps _________ blood
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Deoxygenated
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Efferent gill arteries carry ________ blood
Afferent gill arteries carry ________ blood a) oxygenated, deoxygenated b) deoxygenated, oxygenated |
a)
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Which of the following is not a part of the appendicular skeleton of vertebrates?
a) clavicle b) skull c) ribs d) vertebral column |
a)
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What is the embryonic origin of vertebrae (germ layer)?
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Mesoderm
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What are somites?
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Segmented tissue masses derived from the mesoderm. They develop into dermis, skeletal muscle, vertebrae, ribs.
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What are the three types of fishes?
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Agnathans
Chondrichthyans Osteichthyans |
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What are the two groups of jawless fishes?
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Lampreys and hagfish
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Agnathans have what kind of skeleton?
a) hydrostatic b) endoskeleton c) exoskeleton d) cartilaginous |
d)
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Do Agnathans have a notochord?
A vertebral column? |
Yes
No |
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How do hagfish defend themselves?
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Secreting slime, tying themselves into knots
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Which type of fish was responsible for invading the Great Lakes and have had damaging consequences on fisheries?
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Lampreys, which are ectoparasites
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What fused to form jaws in fish?
Teeth? |
Gill arches
Scales |
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Which fish group includes sharks, skates and rays?
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Chondrichthyans
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Do sharks have a swim bladder?
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No
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Do Chrondrichthyans have scales?
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Yes
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What are the three types of reproduction in Chondrichthyans?
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Ovoviviparous
Oviparous Viviparous |
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What do male Chrondichthyans use in reproduction?
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Claspers
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Oviparous fish:
a) internal fertilization, female retains eggs, young feed off yolk sac inside body b) internal or external fertilization, female lays eggs, young feed off yolk sac outside body c) internal fertilization, female retains eggs, young receive nutrients from placenta |
b)
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Ovoviviparous fish:
a) internal fertilization, female retains eggs, young feed off yolk sac inside body b) internal or external fertilization, female lays eggs, young feed off yolk sac outside body c) internal fertilization, female retains eggs, young receive nutrients from placenta |
a)
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Viviparous fish:
a) internal fertilization, female retains eggs, young feed off yolk sac inside body b) internal or external fertilization, female lays eggs, young feed off yolk sac outside body c) internal fertilization, female retains eggs, young receive nutrients from placenta |
c)
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Which fins are used for steering, stabilizing and tilt?
a) dorsal fins b) pectoral fins c) caudal fin d) anal fins e) pelvic fins |
b), e) (paired fins)
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What allows lateral undulation?
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Segmental myotomes
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How does lateral undulation occur?
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Alternate contraction of muscle blocks (myomeres)
Antagonized by stiff and flexible axial skeleton |
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What is the name of the group which includes bony fishes?
a) Chondrichthyans b) Osteichthyans c) Agnathans |
b)
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Which of the following has a swim bladder?
a) Chondrichthyans b) Osteichthyans c) Agnathans d) a and b e) All of the above |
b)
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What is the largest vertebrate group?
a) Humans b) Amphibians c) Osteichthyans d) Lampreys e) Birds |
c)
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How did swim bladders contribute to controlled swimming?
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- Fins could be modified
- Fins no longer needed for stabilizing, can be used for fine steering and stopping |
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How did swim bladders affect the position of fins on Osteichthyans?
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- Pectoral fins placed higher
- Pelvic fins move anteriorly under pectoral fins |
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What are the two types of bony fish?
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- Ray-finned fishes
- Lobe-finned fishes |
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Which group of bony fish includes:
- Teleosts - Most other fish |
Ray-finned fishes
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Which group of bony fishes includes:
- Lungfish - Coelocanths |
Lobe-finned fishes
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Which of the following characterize early fish:
a) Small, jawless, benthic ooze suckers b) Larger, spiny-finned, predatory c) Less-armored large predators d) a and b e) All of the above |
e)
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For what reasons was it beneficial for movement to land?
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- Devonian droughts (shallow seas, low DO2)
- Increased competition in water - New food resources (plants, arthropods) on land - No vertebrate predators on land |
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Which of the following is not an advantage of terrestrial respiration?
a) Gases diffuse faster in air than in water b) Air is less dense, less energy required c) Air has a higher concentration of oxygen d) These are all advantages |
d)
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What is the difference between gas bladders in ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes?
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Ray-finned:
- From single dorsal packet off esophagus - Evolved into swim bladder or respiratory device Lobe-finned fishes - From pair of ventral pockets off esophagus - Evolved into supplemental respiratory device |
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From which germ layer did the gas bladder originate?
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Endoderm
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What is the importance of the Rhipidistian fish?
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Most direct ancestor to tetrapods
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What is the closest extant ancestor to tetrapods?
a) Sharks b) Perch c) Lampreys d) Lungfish e) Coelacanth |
d)
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Which feature did early tetrapods not possess?
a) Internal and external nostrils b) Amniotic egg c) Ribs d) Lungs e) Tail for balance |
b)
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What is the importance of Tiktaalik
|
It is a transitional form between fish and tetrapods
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What was the tetrapod solution to dessication on land?
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- Scales
- Amniotic egg |
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What was the tetrapod solution to the decreased density of air?
|
- Stronger limbs, vertebral column, ribs
- More efficient circulatory system (3-chambered heart, double circuit) |
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What was the tetrapod solution to variable air temperature on land?
|
- Fur, feathers
- Endothermy |
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What was the tetrapod solution to intense UV radiation on land?
|
- Fur, feathers, scales
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What is the difference between the atrium in fishes and amphibians?
|
The atrium is divided in amphibians
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What is the main condition for most respiratory systems?
|
Respiratory surface must be moist
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Which of the following is the correct passage air travels through the body?
a) Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, thoracic cavity, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli b) Oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, thoracic cavity, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli c) Oral cavity, trachea, pharynx, larynx, thoracic cavity, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli d) Oral cavity, trachea, larynx, pharynx, thoracic cavity, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli e) None of the above |
a)
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What are bronchioles lined with?
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Cilia
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How thick are alveoli?
a) 0.1mm b) 1 cell thick c) 3 cells thick d) None of the above |
b)
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What do alveoli exchange gases with?
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Capillaries
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What is Boyle's Law?
a) Increasing volume increases pressure b) Increasing volume decreases pressure c) Decreasing volume increases pressure d) Decreasing volume decreases pressure |
b) and c)
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Which muscles assist in breathing?
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Intercostal muscles
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How does the phrenic nerve assist in breathing?
a) Stimulates the diaphragm b) Causes the epiglottis to open and close c) Expands the lung d) Contracts the lung |
a)
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During inhalation, the diaphragm ________ and the volume in the cavity _________
During exhalation, the diaphragm ________ and the volume in the cavity _________ a) Contracts, increases, relaxes, decreases b) Contracts, decreases, relaxes, increases c) Relaxes, increases, contracts, decreases d) Relaxes, decreases, contracts, increases |
a)
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Breathing in humans is said to be:
a) Antagonistic breathing b) Positive pressure breathing c) Negative pressure breathing |
c)
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Breathing in amphibians is said to be:
a) Antagonistic breathing b) Positive pressure breathing c) Negative pressure breathing |
b)
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Inhalation in amphibians is a ____ stroke process
Amphibians have _____ respiratory organs |
Two
Three (lungs, nostril, mouth cavity) |
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What were the first tertrapods?
|
Amphibians
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For which of the following reasons are amphibians dependent on water?
a) External fertilization b) Aquatic larvae c) Cutaneous respiration d) Excretion of ammonia as waste e) All of the above |
e)
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How do the hearts of amphibian larvae differ from those of amphibian adults?
|
Two chambered vs. three chambered
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What controls metamorphosis?
|
Hormones
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What changes occur during metamorphosis in frogs, toads and salamanders?
|
- Tail resorbed (frogs, toads)
- Skin thickens, forms glands - Develop jaws, two pairs of limbs, tongue, eyelids, ears, internal nares - Shift in diet, respiration, circulation |
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|
Frogs are:
a) Ovoviviparous b) Viviparous c) Oviparous |
c)
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Copulation in frogs is called _______
|
Amplexus
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|
Name the three types of amphibians.
|
- Frogs and toads
- Salamanders - Caecilians |
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What trait in caecilians would indicate it's an amphibian rather than a segmented worm?
|
Dorsal nerve cord
|
|
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Are caecilians:
a) Ovoviviparous b) Viviparous c) Oviparous |
b)
|
|
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What are the two parental investment strategies?
|
- Produce billions of offspring without parental care, hoping some will survive
- One offspring, care for until maturity |
|
|
What are the biggest reasons for the decline in amphibians?
|
- Disease
- Loss of habitat |
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How do the hearts of crocodilians differ from those of turtles, snakes and lizards?
|
Crocodilians have a fully divided ventricle, whereas the others have a partially divided ventricle.
|
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What were the first truly terrestrial vertebrates?
|
Reptiles
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|
|
Where did the amniotic egg first appear?
|
Reptiles
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|
|
What type of reproduction do reptiles have? Internal or external?
|
Internal
|
|
|
How do reptiles conserve water?
|
- Skin waterproofed by keratin (scales)
- Special nitrogenous waste (uric acid) |
|
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What are the characteristics of the shell of the amniotic egg?
|
- Leathery or brittle (CaCO3)
- Permeable to gases - Fairly impermeable to water |
|
|
How is the amniotic egg self-sufficient?
|
- Requires no parental care
- Yolk sac for nutrients - Sac for waste |
|
|
What is the purpose of the yolk sac?
a) Gas exchange b) Stores wastes c) Provides nutrients d) Protection e) None of the above |
c)
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What is the purpose of the allantois?
a) Gas exchange b) Stores wastes c) Provides nutrients d) Protection e) None of the above |
b)
|
|
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What is the purpose of the chorion?
a) Gas exchange b) Stores wastes c) Provides nutrients d) Protection e) None of the above |
a)
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the amnion?
a) Gas exchange b) Stores wastes c) Provides nutrients d) Protection e) None of the above |
d)
|
|
|
Where are the shell and the albumen added to the egg?
|
The oviduct
|
|
|
Which of the following is not an excretory product of the body?
a) Nitrogenous wastes b) CO2 c) Salts, ions d) O2 e) Water |
d)
|
|
|
Ammonia (NH3) is excreted by which organisms?
a) Bony fish, aquatic inverts, larval amphibians b) Cartilaginous fish, adult amphibians, mammals c) Insects, reptiles, birds |
a)
|
|
|
Urea is excreted by which organisms?
a) Bony fish, aquatic inverts, larval amphibians b) Cartilaginous fish, adult amphibians, mammals c) Insects, reptiles, birds |
b)
|
|
|
Uric acid is excreted by which organisms?
a) Bony fish, aquatic inverts, larval amphibians b) Cartilaginous fish, adult amphibians, mammals c) Insects, reptiles, birds |
c)
|
|
|
Listed from the least soluble in water to the most soluble in water:
a) Urea, uric acid, ammonia b) Urea, ammonia, uric acid c) Ammonia, uric acid, urea d) Ammonia, urea, uric acid e) Uric acid, urea, ammonia f) Uric acid, ammonia, urea |
e)
|
|
|
Which of the following is toxic?
a) Urea b) Uric acid c) Ammonia |
c)
|
|
|
What do the flame cells and tubule compose in flatworms (excretory structure)?
|
Protonephridia
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