Bio Final Random And Yeah

Front 1

What is the difference between histones and nucleosomes?

Back 1

Histones are what compacts the DNA creating an octomer, into a nucleosome. It then moves on and creates a pearl bead necklace

Front 2

Why is topoisomerase so important?

Back 2

The topoisomerare is necessary for the replication fork, but is not a part of the actual processs

Front 3

What if you have a mutation that occurred in topoisomerase?

Back 3

Can cause them not to work properly or not work at all and allow the cell to die

Front 4

What are single peptides?

Back 4

Patterns in the protein causing binding, consider protein interactions, not all proteins function in cytoplasm of the cell

Front 5

When were talking about cloning in general why do we look at the white and blue colony?

Back 5

The lacZ gene has multiple cloning sites, and many enzymes, when you cut and have the lacZ gene in the vector, you can have sticky ends on the plasmid, and hopefully sticky ends on the DNA therefore they can attach together and allow for cloning. If lacZ gene is in tact, not cut and makes beta-galactosidase, you will see blue colonies. If the lacZ gene has been cut and you put a fragment in there, you change the reading frame, lacZ gets transcribed translated, no functional beta-galactosidase is made, and no longer creates a blue colony, it is white of colourless. If I see blue colonies, the first thought is the lacZ gene is functional and the fragment has not been inserted in to the vector, but white colonies means something has disrupted the lacZ gene, and the fragment you’re interested in is likely in the lacZ gene area. The white colonies are often the colonies that COULD have the fragment you’re interested in.

Front 6

I have a blue colony, and it is the one that I want. How is it possible that a blue colony is actually the one I’m interested in? How is it possible that I can do all this cloning and realize its actually the blue colony that I should be interested in?

Back 6

Maybe there’s a different cut site and it kept the lacZ active, usually ignore the blue because it is uncut, if it did, and it did get inserted, and it didn't change lacZ, and wasn't enough to throw he whole protein off, still makes a functional protein

Front 7

You’ve done a PCR reaction specifically designed to generate a 400 base pair fragment. You have 3 people. A completely normal person, an abnormal person, and another abnormal person. You run your gel on these people, and run a marker at every 100 base pairs. You have 3 bands at 400 base pairs. What could you say about the PCR? What is there is a difference in the third lane?

Back 7

You can conclude that PCR worked for all fragments, The third lane is giving you results you did not expect. You repeat it and have a smaller difference in the third lane, but still not the same results as expected. It may be an autosomal recessive disorder that only one copy of the bad gene to show this result. There is likely a (200) base pair deletion in the fragment that you PCR multiplied.

Front 8

PCR gel, What if the abnormal band has half of the intensity of the normal band, through still at the same location. What could be a genetic cause for this patients result?

Back 8

PCR uses primers, these primers are going to bind to the chromosomes (both sets) and amplify the products. What is there was a deletion that was so large it included the base pair fragments where the primers could not bind to ONE of the chromosomes. Therefore there was a successful primer binding on one chromosome, but not the other, so there is a successful reaction on one but not the other, giving half the intensity though still the proper base pair results

Front 9

What is important to look for in gels produced?

Back 9

a. Presence and absence of bands
b. Expectations
c. Location of the band(s)
d. Size of the band (insertion or deletion)
e. Intensity, you do expect a certain amount
f. Why is there not enough product, mistake, duplications, deletions?

Front 10

What is the biggest problem in PCR?

Back 10

Contamination is the biggest problem in PCR, through the equipment used or from the scientists. Controls are very important (positive and negative). The controls are whatever happens, in comparison to what you know you should expect

Front 11

What would happen if you set up a PCR, and you are surprised by your negative and positive control’s results?

Back 11

If you have a band in your negative control, and you expect no band, there was a template and it was amplified, therefore a part of it was contaminated.

Front 12

What is upstream?

Back 12

Towards the 5’ end of DNA or RNA

Front 13

What is downstream?

Back 13

Towards the 3’ end of DNA or RNA

Front 14

What is important about stem cells?

Back 14

Transcription factors, and their ability to differentiate into different types of specialized cells

Front 15

What are the three types of defences? What is important about them?

Back 15

Physical, innate, and acquired. Understand what's where and its functions

Front 16

What is important about the application of immunology?

Back 16

Autoimmune diseases, how your body defends itself, how antibodies are created, he altering of transcripts of DNA and proteins, as well as DNA forming and rearranging

Front 17

What so we need to know about 23&me?

Back 17

The use of literary sources referring to the variations in genes, the big picture of personal genomics, the importance of mRNA, DNA and proteins, as well as the science behind vaccinations