Bio Final Exam Review

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1. Genetic continuity means that when organisms reproduce they reproduce

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c) themselves and their DNA, which provides a record of their own ancestry

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2. A belief

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d) allows an organism to rely on something other than their senses

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3. According to class discussion, the two primary reasons why we as humans do science are

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a) to test our beliefs and make the world more predictable

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4. In biology, structure and function are correlated

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a) in the way an enzyme fits with its substrate b) in the way that males of greater size win more intra-sexual battles c) in the way that cdk forms a partnership with cyclin to stimulate the cell cycle d) in all of the above ways*

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5. The difference between starch and cellulose is best described as

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a) starch is digested by humans, cellulose is not

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6. On a gram per gram basis, the macromolecules with the most energy are

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a) those with the most hydrogen atoms per carbon

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7. Fatty acids that are more ________ tend to be solid at room temperature because of _______.

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d) saturated, increased packing

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8. Which of the following do not make up portions of the structures of nucleic acids?

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d) glycerol groups

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9. Cell energy comes in which of the following forms?

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a) a sodium and potassium gradient set up by active transport b) the movement of chromosomes from one end of the spindle to the other c) the currency of the cell, ATP d) all of the above answers are correct

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10. One difference between a plant and an animal cell is

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a) plant cells cannot divide by pinching in two

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11. The fluid-mosaic model refers to

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c) the fluid nature of the membrane and the many proteins imbedded in the membrane

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12. Feedback inhibition involves

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d) a late product and an early enzyme

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13. Experiments in the 1980s by Kwang Jeon demonstrated that

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c) it is feasible that mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from prokaryotes

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14. As discussed in class, the most electronegative molecule known to biology, ie the one with the strongest

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b) chlorophyll after sunlight hits it

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15. ATP is made in the light reactions of photosynthesis by

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a) a proton gradient passing through the ATPase motor

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16. According to modern biological thinking, which event (organism) occurred first in the history of life on

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d) chemical evolution of a self-replicating molecule

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17. Programmed cell death or apoptosis

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a) is signaled by the mitochondria

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18. In mitosis,

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c) chromosome number is maintained

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19. The cell cycle is controlled by

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c) both internal and external factors

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20. As discussed in class, terrestrial (land-based) plant material comes mostly from

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a) carbon dioxide

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21. Cancer cells do not

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d) generally contain underactive oncogenes

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22. According to class discussion, the general decline in memory tests for older adults can be attributed to

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a) programmed aging, at least in part

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23. As discussed in class, the difference between annual and perennial plants is that the two types take different evolutionary aging strategies in the face of seasonal changes. Specifically,

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a) annuals invest in seeds, perennials invest in vegetative tissue carryover

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24. Queen bees, queen ants and other queens of social insects are genetically identical to bees and ants of other castes in the colonies (like workers, soldiers, etc). However, despite their genetic similarity (same genes), the queens, whose primary role in the hive is reproduction, can sometimes outlive the individuals in other castes by as much as 25 fold. This phenomenon is similar to how reproductive cells (the germ line) can be immortal but body cells with the same genes in an organism are not. This theory of aging is called

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b) disposable soma theory

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25. In mammals and birds, there is generally an inverse relationship (meaning as one goes up, the other goes down) between

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b) body size and metabolic rate

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26. As discussed in class, most long-lived organisms, including the mole rat, that have longer lifespans work to

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c) slow metabolism or repair damage

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27. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the ________ as a result of ________.

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d) mitochondria, cellular metabolism

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28. Mendel concluded that the hereditary material was

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a) more like hard particles than like a soft liquid

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29. Meiosis works in all of the following ways except?

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d) eliminating variety so that mistakes are not made

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31. Heterozygous individuals would also be all of the following except

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b) carriers of dominant traits

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32. According to sexual selection theory (Bateman model in class) males and females have developed different reproductive strategies and preferred reproductive rates (number of preferred partners) because

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c) male fitness varies; female fitness is limited

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33. Lek stands for the activity of a group of males, in some animal species, to gather together for the competitive purpose of mating. The Lek Paradox states that—given the chance—females will choose particularly attractive traits when selecting their mates in males. Over time, this repetition “should” remove unattractive traits from the population. From class discussion, which of the following hypothesis could reasonably explain the Lek paradox?

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a) female variation may mean not all females find the same trait attractive b) male-forced sex may mean females don’t always choose their mates c) unattractive genes can be passed as recessive alleles d) all of the three explanations are reasonable

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34. Evidence for Darwinian evolution comes from all of the following except

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a) biogeography b) comparing anatomies c)* meteors from outer space
d) molecular biology (DNA sequences)

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35. Two philosophical ideas, which have historically opposed the concept of evolution are

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a) essentialism and finalism

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36. Structures that appear to be similar are found in species that do not appear to be related (e.g. the wings of birds and butterflies). The evolution of different structures that have the same function is.

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b) An example of convergent evolution and the structures are analogous

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37. The most likely hypothesis that preceded this research would be:

From the NY Times article, “Human Culture, an Evolutionary Force.”
...A new force is now coming into focus. It is one with a surprising implication — that for the last 20,000 years or so, people have inadvertently been shaping their own evolution. The best evidence available...for culture being a selective force was the lactose tolerance found in many northern Europeans. Most people switch off the gene that digests the lactose in milk shortly after they are weaned, but in northern Europeans — the descendants of an ancient cattle-rearing culture that emerged in the region some 6,000 years ago — the gene is kept switched on in adulthood.
Lactose tolerance is now well recognized as a case in which a cultural practice — drinking raw milk — has caused an evolutionary change in the human genome. Presumably the extra nutrition was of such great advantage that adults able to digest milk left more surviving offspring, and the genetic change swept through the population.
Genetic changes that enable lactose tolerance have been detected not just in Europeans but also in three African pastoral societies. In each of the four cases, a different mutation is involved, but all have the same result — that of preventing the lactose-digesting gene from being switched off after weaning.

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c) the evolution of human lactose tolerance is affected by cultural practices

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38. The conclusion presented in paragraph 2 is an ultimate explanation regarding:

From the NY Times article, “Human Culture, an Evolutionary Force.”
...A new force is now coming into focus. It is one with a surprising implication — that for the last 20,000 years or so, people have inadvertently been shaping their own evolution. The best evidence available...for culture being a selective force was the lactose tolerance found in many northern Europeans. Most people switch off the gene that digests the lactose in milk shortly after they are weaned, but in northern Europeans — the descendants of an ancient cattle-rearing culture that emerged in the region some 6,000 years ago — the gene is kept switched on in adulthood.
Lactose tolerance is now well recognized as a case in which a cultural practice — drinking raw milk — has caused an evolutionary change in the human genome. Presumably the extra nutrition was of such great advantage that adults able to digest milk left more surviving offspring, and the genetic change swept through the population.
Genetic changes that enable lactose tolerance have been detected not just in Europeans but also in three African pastoral societies. In each of the four cases, a different mutation is involved, but all have the same result — that of preventing the lactose-digesting gene from being switched off after weaning.

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a) increased fitness for individuals most efficiently digesting lactose

Front 38

39. According to the conclusions drawn in this article, in the case of the amylase enzyme, which helps in digestion of starch, one might predict the highest amylase activity for:

From the NY Times article, “Human Culture, an Evolutionary Force.”
...A new force is now coming into focus. It is one with a surprising implication — that for the last 20,000 years or so, people have inadvertently been shaping their own evolution. The best evidence available...for culture being a selective force was the lactose tolerance found in many northern Europeans. Most people switch off the gene that digests the lactose in milk shortly after they are weaned, but in northern Europeans — the descendants of an ancient cattle-rearing culture that emerged in the region some 6,000 years ago — the gene is kept switched on in adulthood.
Lactose tolerance is now well recognized as a case in which a cultural practice — drinking raw milk — has caused an evolutionary change in the human genome. Presumably the extra nutrition was of such great advantage that adults able to digest milk left more surviving offspring, and the genetic change swept through the population.
Genetic changes that enable lactose tolerance have been detected not just in Europeans but also in three African pastoral societies. In each of the four cases, a different mutation is involved, but all have the same result — that of preventing the lactose-digesting gene from being switched off after weaning.

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a) a population having a history of a traditionally vegetarian culture

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40. Given the way that tetrodotoxin works as described in paragraph 2, which of the following is true?

From the NY Times article, “Whatever Doesn’t Kill Some Animals Can Make Them Deadly.”First isolated from the puffer fish, tetrodotoxin is among the most potent toxins known. It is 100 times as toxic by weight as potassium cyanide — two milligrams can kill an adult human — and it is not destroyed by cooking. Tetrodotoxin attacks an ancient feature of the animal kingdom blocking channels that normally control the movement of sodium ions across nerve and muscle cell membranes and halting their electrical activity. All animals have these sodium ion channels, and the part of the channel that tetrodotoxin fits into and blocks is generally very similar among them.
This fact raises a simple question: Why aren’t puffer fish dead? How are tetrodotoxin-bearing animals able to withstand high levels of a substance that attacks their nervous systems? One clue is that not all 120 or so species of puffer fish are toxic or resistant to tetrodotoxin. Toxic species can withstand about 500 to 1,000 times the concentration of tetrodotoxin compared with nontoxic puffers or other fish.
That difference becomes clear from examining their sodium channels in detail. Puffer fish have eight versions of these channels encoded by eight separate genes. Manda Clair Jost and her colleagues have discovered that in toxic puffer fish, most or all of these channels have evolved resistance to tetrodotoxin and different groups of puffer fish appear to have independently acquired resistance.

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a) Tetrodotoxin prevents the cell from utilizing gradient energy

Front 40

41. If a similar toxin were to block the ATPase motor protein within the mitochondrial membrane, a likely effect would be:

From the NY Times article, “Whatever Doesn’t Kill Some Animals Can Make Them Deadly.”First isolated from the puffer fish, tetrodotoxin is among the most potent toxins known. It is 100 times as toxic by weight as potassium cyanide — two milligrams can kill an adult human — and it is not destroyed by cooking. Tetrodotoxin attacks an ancient feature of the animal kingdom blocking channels that normally control the movement of sodium ions across nerve and muscle cell membranes and halting their electrical activity. All animals have these sodium ion channels, and the part of the channel that tetrodotoxin fits into and blocks is generally very similar among them.
This fact raises a simple question: Why aren’t puffer fish dead? How are tetrodotoxin-bearing animals able to withstand high levels of a substance that attacks their nervous systems? One clue is that not all 120 or so species of puffer fish are toxic or resistant to tetrodotoxin. Toxic species can withstand about 500 to 1,000 times the concentration of tetrodotoxin compared with nontoxic puffers or other fish.
That difference becomes clear from examining their sodium channels in detail. Puffer fish have eight versions of these channels encoded by eight separate genes. Manda Clair Jost and her colleagues have discovered that in toxic puffer fish, most or all of these channels have evolved resistance to tetrodotoxin and different groups of puffer fish appear to have independently acquired resistance.

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c) A lack of available energy within the cell

Front 41

42. Assuming that potential predators are capable of recognizing the toxicity of the tetrodotoxin-producing pufferfish, a likely adaptation in this species of pufferfish over time may be:

From the NY Times article, “Whatever Doesn’t Kill Some Animals Can Make Them Deadly.”First isolated from the puffer fish, tetrodotoxin is among the most potent toxins known. It is 100 times as toxic by weight as potassium cyanide — two milligrams can kill an adult human — and it is not destroyed by cooking. Tetrodotoxin attacks an ancient feature of the animal kingdom blocking channels that normally control the movement of sodium ions across nerve and muscle cell membranes and halting their electrical activity. All animals have these sodium ion channels, and the part of the channel that tetrodotoxin fits into and blocks is generally very similar among them.
This fact raises a simple question: Why aren’t puffer fish dead? How are tetrodotoxin-bearing animals able to withstand high levels of a substance that attacks their nervous systems? One clue is that not all 120 or so species of puffer fish are toxic or resistant to tetrodotoxin. Toxic species can withstand about 500 to 1,000 times the concentration of tetrodotoxin compared with nontoxic puffers or other fish.
That difference becomes clear from examining their sodium channels in detail. Puffer fish have eight versions of these channels encoded by eight separate genes. Manda Clair Jost and her colleagues have discovered that in toxic puffer fish, most or all of these channels have evolved resistance to tetrodotoxin and different groups of puffer fish appear to have independently acquired resistance.

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b) delayed senescence due to reduced extrinsic mortality

Front 42

43. The example of attached male and female behavior in the last paragraph is best explained as:

From the NY Times article, “Depending on Context, Bird Couples Sing in Harmony or Discord.” It takes two to duet, and one question for scientists is how these coordinated performances arise — in birds study of duetting in Peruvian warbling antbirds suggests that...sexual conflict can cause the female of a pair that normally cooperates to “jam” the male’ s song by singing over it.
The researchers exposed antbird pairs to recorded songs of other antbirds and monitored the songs the pairs produced. In one experiment, they played the songs of an intruding pair. In this case, the resident pair “both stand to lose their territory, so both should cooperate,” Dr. Tobias said. And they do. They produce a coordinated duet that in effect tells the intruders to keep away.
But when the researchers played the song of an unattached female, the pair behaved differently. “You’d expect the resident female to be highly motivated to defend her position in the partnership,” Dr. Tobias said. And that’ s what occurs. The male sings its heart out, flirting with the unattached female, and the female of the pair does its best to interfere with the song by singing over it, presumably to make her mate less attractive to the other female.

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a) female-forced monogamy in this bird species

Front 43

44. The attached pair’s response to the song of the unattached female:

From the NY Times article, “Depending on Context, Bird Couples Sing in Harmony or Discord.” It takes two to duet, and one question for scientists is how these coordinated performances arise — in birds study of duetting in Peruvian warbling antbirds suggests that...sexual conflict can cause the female of a pair that normally cooperates to “jam” the male’ s song by singing over it.
The researchers exposed antbird pairs to recorded songs of other antbirds and monitored the songs the pairs produced. In one experiment, they played the songs of an intruding pair. In this case, the resident pair “both stand to lose their territory, so both should cooperate,” Dr. Tobias said. And they do. They produce a coordinated duet that in effect tells the intruders to keep away.
But when the researchers played the song of an unattached female, the pair behaved differently. “You’d expect the resident female to be highly motivated to defend her position in the partnership,” Dr. Tobias said. And that’ s what occurs. The male sings its heart out, flirting with the unattached female, and the female of the pair does its best to interfere with the song by singing over it, presumably to make her mate less attractive to the other female.

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b) is consistent with the Bateman model and exhibits intersexual conflict

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45. According to the information provided in the article, Wilson’s disease is most likely:

From the NY Times article, “THE DOCTOR'S WORLD; THE TRAGEDY OF A CONFUSING, RARE DISEASE ABOUT.”
7,000 Americans suffer from the disease. Yet, the symptoms are so confusing and so few doctors are familiar with them that only 1,000 cases have been correctly diagnosed. The hereditary condition is called Wilson's disease. The problems in diagnoses are apparent from reviewing case histories, such as this one:
A good student begins doing poorly in high school and even fails a subject. Her parents, who do not suffer from the disease, note that she is anxious, depressed, sleeps poorly and has temper tantrums. A psychiatrist concludes that her personality changes are a reaction to her poor grades.
Another physician examines her abdomen and finds that both her liver and spleen enlarged, a discovery that suddenly opens a new diagnostic possibility. The doctor looks into the girl's eyes and sees golden brown rings around both pupils. These so-called Kayser-Fleischer rings do not impair vision - but they are a telltale sign of Wilson's disease. Wilson's disease occurs throughout the world but is so rare that a physician who cares for three new patients each day is likely to encounter only one case in a 40-year career, according to the book ''Wilson's Disease,''. Another error involved a 19-year- old man who passed his physical for the United States Marines despite hand tremors and slurred speech that developed when he was 11 years old. He was discharged because he could not salute without shaking uncontrollably.

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b) an autosomal recessive disease

Front 45

46. Assuming that Wilson’s disease follows simple Mendelian genetics, if one of the individuals described in the article married a carrier of the disease, what would be the expected likelihood that a child of these two individuals would get the disease?

From the NY Times article, “THE DOCTOR'S WORLD; THE TRAGEDY OF A CONFUSING, RARE DISEASE ABOUT.”
7,000 Americans suffer from the disease. Yet, the symptoms are so confusing and so few doctors are familiar with them that only 1,000 cases have been correctly diagnosed. The hereditary condition is called Wilson's disease. The problems in diagnoses are apparent from reviewing case histories, such as this one:
A good student begins doing poorly in high school and even fails a subject. Her parents, who do not suffer from the disease, note that she is anxious, depressed, sleeps poorly and has temper tantrums. A psychiatrist concludes that her personality changes are a reaction to her poor grades.
Another physician examines her abdomen and finds that both her liver and spleen enlarged, a discovery that suddenly opens a new diagnostic possibility. The doctor looks into the girl's eyes and sees golden brown rings around both pupils. These so-called Kayser-Fleischer rings do not impair vision - but they are a telltale sign of Wilson's disease. Wilson's disease occurs throughout the world but is so rare that a physician who cares for three new patients each day is likely to encounter only one case in a 40-year career, according to the book ''Wilson's Disease,''. Another error involved a 19-year- old man who passed his physical for the United States Marines despite hand tremors and slurred speech that developed when he was 11 years old. He was discharged because he could not salute without shaking uncontrollably.

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c) 50%

Front 46

47. The repeating structure described in the proteins above, is due to its unique (ordered) sequence of amino acids. The level of protein structure defined by the amino acid sequence is called

From NYTimes article, “When Built-In Antifreeze Beats a Winter Coat”
...The threat to life at low temperatures is not really cold, but ice. With cells and bodies composed mostly of water, ice is potentially lethal because its formation disrupts the balance between the fluids outside and inside of cells, which leads to their shrinkage and irreversible damage to tissues.The first animal antifreezes were identified several decades ago in the blood plasma of Antarctic fish by Arthur DeVries, and his colleagues. The tissues and bloodstream of about 120 species of fish belonging to the Notothenioidei family are full of antifreeze (proteins). These proteins have an unusual repeating structure that allows them to bind to ice crystals and to lower the minimum temperature at which the crystals can grow to about 28 degrees. That is just a bit below the minimum temperature of the Southern Ocean and about two full degrees lower than the freezing point of fish plasma that does not have antifreeze. This small margin of protection has had profound consequences. Antifreeze-bearing fish now dominate Antarctic waters.

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a) primary structure

Front 47

48. The fact that anti-freeze bearing fish now dominate arctic waters as described by the author can be attributed to

From NYTimes article, “When Built-In Antifreeze Beats a Winter Coat”
...The threat to life at low temperatures is not really cold, but ice. With cells and bodies composed mostly of water, ice is potentially lethal because its formation disrupts the balance between the fluids outside and inside of cells, which leads to their shrinkage and irreversible damage to tissues.The first animal antifreezes were identified several decades ago in the blood plasma of Antarctic fish by Arthur DeVries, and his colleagues. The tissues and bloodstream of about 120 species of fish belonging to the Notothenioidei family are full of antifreeze (proteins). These proteins have an unusual repeating structure that allows them to bind to ice crystals and to lower the minimum temperature at which the crystals can grow to about 28 degrees. That is just a bit below the minimum temperature of the Southern Ocean and about two full degrees lower than the freezing point of fish plasma that does not have antifreeze. This small margin of protection has had profound consequences. Antifreeze-bearing fish now dominate Antarctic waters.

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a) directional selection (selection for an extreme phenotype)

Front 48

49. In the above article, the one thing that all these potential causes of cancer have in common is their ability to:

For 14 years, since they first reported that a disturbing proportion of deaths among rescued California sea lions were caused by metastatic cancer, researchers have been trying to pinpoint the source of the illness.
“It’s such an aggressive cancer, and it’s so unusual to see such a high prevalence of cancer in a wild population,” Dr. Gulland said. “That suggests that there’s some carcinogen in the ocean that could be affecting these animals.”
But, in examining sea lion tumor cells with an electron microscope, Dr. Lowenstine noticed what looked like viral particles. And indeed, in a major discovery in 2000, a different team of researchers in Washington, D.C., identified a herpesvirus in the sea lions, a close relative of the human herpesvirus that fosters Kaposi’ s skin cancer lesions in AIDS patients.
But environmental contaminants are not off the hook. Because it takes several “hits” of environmental or genetic damage to turn a healthy cell into cancerous one, the researchers speculated that the virus and chemicals could be interacting to trigger tumors.
Meanwhile, a third piece of the puzzle is genetics. Another study revealed that animals with cancer are more inbred than those without it, so bad genes are probably also at work. “Sea lions do eat a lot of the same things we do,” Dr. Gulland said. “So we really should start paying attention to what we’re putting into the oceans.”

Back 48

b) damage cellular DNA

Front 49

50. Many animal species hunted to low numbers by humans experience inbreeding difficulties like those described in the seal population. The loss of genetic variety due to low population number would be an example of ________ due to a ________.

For 14 years, since they first reported that a disturbing proportion of deaths among rescued California sea lions were caused by metastatic cancer, researchers have been trying to pinpoint the source of the illness.
“It’s such an aggressive cancer, and it’s so unusual to see such a high prevalence of cancer in a wild population,” Dr. Gulland said. “That suggests that there’s some carcinogen in the ocean that could be affecting these animals.”
But, in examining sea lion tumor cells with an electron microscope, Dr. Lowenstine noticed what looked like viral particles. And indeed, in a major discovery in 2000, a different team of researchers in Washington, D.C., identified a herpesvirus in the sea lions, a close relative of the human herpesvirus that fosters Kaposi’ s skin cancer lesions in AIDS patients.
But environmental contaminants are not off the hook. Because it takes several “hits” of environmental or genetic damage to turn a healthy cell into cancerous one, the researchers speculated that the virus and chemicals could be interacting to trigger tumors.
Meanwhile, a third piece of the puzzle is genetics. Another study revealed that animals with cancer are more inbred than those without it, so bad genes are probably also at work. “Sea lions do eat a lot of the same things we do,” Dr. Gulland said. “So we really should start paying attention to what we’re putting into the oceans.”

Back 49

d) genetic drift, bottleneck effect