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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the basic function of the respiratory system?
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get O2 in and CO2 out
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What gas is taken in by the lungs?
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Oxygen
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What gas is expelled by the lungs
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Carbon Dioxide
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When, how, where was this gas created in the body?
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Cellular Respiration--mitochondria
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Where, how, why is this gas used in the body?
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Ventilation--air gets in and out of lungs through the nose and mouth.
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Inhaled air undergoes what three changes or modifications as it moves inward towards the lungs?
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Cleansed, Warmed, and Moistened
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Why does crying sometimes produce a runny nose?
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The duct leads tto the nasal passages--crying makes too much of it.
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How and where are the cranial sinuses connected to the air passage?
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nasal cavity
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What causes a sinus headache?
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Ducts leading from the sinuses are blocked and fluid accumulates.
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Tonsial are part of the ______ system
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Lymphatic
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What kinds of clls are in the tonsils?
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B-cells and T-cells
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What do these cells do?
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They fight infections (germs). They are part of the immune system. In lymphnodes they clean up tonsil fluid that is returning to the circulatory system.
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Where is the larynx?
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ventral to the esophagus, at the tope of the trachea
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What is an alternate name for the larynx?
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Voice box
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How is food kept out of the larynx?
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By the epiglottis
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What is the Adam's Apple?
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It's the apex of the larynx.
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Name four of the tracheal structures:
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C-shaped cartilages, goblet cells, ciliated epithelium, and mucus
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What is the function of c-shaped cartilages?
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they hold the trachea open and allow esophagus to expand when swallowing.
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What is the function of goblem cells?
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they produce mucus in the lungs
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What is the purpose of ciliated epithelium
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it keeps lungs clean by 'sweeping' mucus and debris towar the pharynx
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mucus
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lines the trachea
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What is the bronchial tree?
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the traches divides into right and left bronchi, which lead to the right and left lungs and the bronchi branch into bronchioles
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What is the difference between a bonchus and a bronchiole
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th bronchus connects the trachea to bronchioles, while broncioles connect to alveoli
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The actual chambers where gas exchange takes place
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Alveoli
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About how many alveoli are present in healthy adult lungs?
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300 million
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About how much surface area is present in adult lungs?
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500 square ft.
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How thick is the wall of one alveolus?
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~1.5 micrometers
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What separates blood from air in the lungs?
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Flat endothelium cell of capillaries and flat respiratory epithelia cell of lung.
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About how thick is the separation?
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Extremely thing, ~ 1.5 micrometers
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What is meant by breathing?
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Air goes in and out through the nose and mouth
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What is meant by external respiration?
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Oxygen leaves air in lungs, bond to hemoglobing of erythrocytes, and carbon dioxied leaves plasma and goes into air in lungs.
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What is meant by internal respiration?
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Oxygen leaves air in lungs, goes to body cell with tissue fluid. Carbon dioxide leaves body cells and enters plasma with returning tissue fluid.
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What is meant by cellular respiration?
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Oxidation of glucose to make ATP~ primarily takes place in mitochondria.
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What is aire that enters and leaves the lungs during normal relaxed breathing called?
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Tidal volume
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What is extra air that can be forcefully expelled called?
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Expiration reserve.
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What is the amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs called?
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Inspiration reserve
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What is the volume of air that never leaves the lungs called?
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Residual Volume
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What is the maximum amount of air in-out lungs in one hard, forced breath called?
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Vital Capacity
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What inpact does vigorous aerobic exercise have on vital capacity?
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None
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What is a collapsed long? What might cause this? How can it be treated?
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Can be caused by gun-shot wounds or stabbing. All our air including residual volume would be expelled so that ineer walls of the alveolie are pressed together. It can be treated by reinflation by forcing air in.
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What two basic features of the lungs are critically important for maintaining lung function?
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large surface area for gas exchange, and flexibility for getting air in and out.
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The outer membanes of the lungs (facing the thoracic cavity) are called the_____
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Pleura
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An infection of the outer membrans of the lungs is called_______
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Pleurisy
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What muscles are involved in ventilating the lungs?
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The diaphragm and intercostal muscle of ribs.
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During inhalation, which muscles contract and which muscles relaxx?
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The diaphragm contrcts
The intercostal mucles relax |
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During exhalation, which mucles contract and which relax?
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The intercostal muscles contract.
The diaphragm relaxes. |
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Sinusitis-- what is it, and what % of upper respiratory infections is it accountable for?
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Virus/Bacteria enter sinuses, increased mucus prodution--the duct to nasal passage may be blocked. Pressure may cause a "sinus headache". 1-3%
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Otitis media
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Gerim get into mid ear behind the eardru, They enter through the auditory canal. This is dangerous to the eardrum. If it is bacterial, then it can be treated with an antibiotic.
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Tonsilitis
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Tonsils become inflammed and enlarged. may make breathing difficult.
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Which respiratory disease are or were occupational hazards?
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emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis
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Which respiratory disease are currently associated with smoking?
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emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis
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How are cancers rated for lethality?
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Lethality= % still alive 5 years after being diagnosed.
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What is the average survival rate for all cancers?
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50%
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How is it different for different people?
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Whites= 53%
African Americans= 38% |
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Which cancers have high survival rates?
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Localized breast cancer and juvenile leukemia
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Which cancers have low survival rates?
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Lung and pancreatic cancers.
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What is the survival rate for lung cancers?
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10-12%
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What are some of the health risks for smoking?
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5x greater for lung cancer, cancer of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver. Also greater chance of getting emphysema.
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Which of the health risks for smoking is so high that the risk is almost exclusively associated with smoking?
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Emphysema
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About how much do pack-a-day smokers increase their risk of chance?
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Slightly more than double.
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What is the most likely cause of death for smokers?
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various circulatory and heart problems, especially CHD.
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About how many years do pack-a-day smokers advance their death date?
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about 20 years.
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What three smoking factors increase the risks of smoking?
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How many cigarettes you smoke
How soon/how long you've been smoking How deeply you inhale the smoke |
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How can you die sooner?
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Start smoking at a young age, preferably before age 15
Smoke a lot of cigarettes, at least 1 1/2- 2 paces a day Inhale deeply, like a MAN |
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What kind of tissue composes bone?
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connective
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What are the three types of connective tissue that form the skeletal system?
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bones, ligaments, and cartilage
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What are two basic types of bone?
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Compact bone and spongy bone
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Dense, highly organized bone is called
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compact bone
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Unorganized bone with many unequal sized spaces is called
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spongy bone
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What kind of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones, in the nose and on the ends of ribs?
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Hyaline cartilage
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What kind of cartilage contains a lot of collagen and forms pads or disks (=intervertebral disks) between the vertebrae of the backbone?
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Fibrous cartilage
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What kind of cartilage forms tiny spaces in the ears and epiglottis?
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Elastic Cartilage
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Strands of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another at a joint are called_______
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Ligaments
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Strands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones are called________
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Tendons
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The expanded end of a long bone (limb bone) is called
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Metaphysis
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The elongate part of a long bone may be called the diaphysis or simply the _______
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Shaft
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Many bones have both primary and secondary centers of ossification. Bands of cartilage that separate these centers are called
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Cartilaginous growth plate
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In adult bones, what happens to the bands that separate primary and secondary ossification centers?
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They disappear
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Joints between the bones of the skull are called ______ joints, and are also called ________
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Fibrous
Sutures |
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Connections between ribs and the sternum (=breat bone) are called____________
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Cartilaginous Joints
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Cartilaginous joints are commonly made of either ______ or ______
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Hyaline or ?
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The most moveable joints are called ________ joints.
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synovial
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Synovial joints are lined by a _____ membrane
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synovial
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Some joints, such as the knee, have a structure called a meniscus. What two structures form a meniscus?
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the lateral and medial menisci
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Describe the major treatments and therapies for artheritis?
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1. Lose weight
2. Low impact exercise (bicycling, swimming, etc) 3. Pain control 4. Walking assistance (cane, crutches, walker) 5. Joint replacement |
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What are two basic ways that bones form during embryonic development?
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Cartilage bones and Membrane bones
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In adult bones, what happens to the bands that separate primary and secondary ossification centers?
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The growth plate converts to bone
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What is meant by remodeling of the bone?
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In approppriate places spongy bone replaces fibrous cartilage
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Why do adults need more calcium in their daily diet than children?
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Adult bones are constantly being remodeled.
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What are the four steps in repair of a broken bone?
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Hematoma
Fibros Cartilage Spongy Bone Remodeling |
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What is a hematoma?
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It is a mass of clotted blood at the break
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What is the fibrous cartilage stage?
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Cartilage rich in collagen replaces hematoma
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What is the spongy bone (bony callus) stage?
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Spongy bone replaces fibrous cartilage
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What is the difference between a complete and an incomplete fracture?
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Complete=two or more separate pieces
Incomplete= crackd, but not split |
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What is the difference between a simple and a compound fracture?
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Simple=broken pieces inside skin
Compound=bone penetrates skin |
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Name three basic types of joints between bones
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Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints |
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Joints between the bones of the skull are called ______ joints, and are also called sutures.
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Fibrous
Sutures |
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What is the name and function of fluid produced by the synovial membrane?
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Synovial fluid--it lubricates the joint
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List three types of structures that help stabilize synovial joints
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joint capsule (from connective tissue of bones)
ligaments muscles and tendons |
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What two structures form a meniscus?
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extra cartilage that don't bear weight, and fluid-filled "bursa"
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What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
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It's an auto-immune disease. The antibody attacks the synovial membrane, articular cartilages deteroriate, and bones may fuse together.
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What is the cause of osteoarthritis?
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Persisten impact damages articular cartilages; exposed bone grows into joint region
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Of the three types of muscle, which one is under voluntary (conscious) control?
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Skeletal muscle
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A basic principle of muscles is that they can only_____ they cannot _____
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pull
push |
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Muscles work in groups. The major muscle causing motion is called the _______
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Prime mover
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Muscles that assist are called ______
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Syngergistic
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Muscles that move the joint in the opposite direction are called ________
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Antagonistic muscle
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What are the three sources of ATP for muscle contraction?
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Creatine Phosphate
Glycolysis (fermentation) Cellular Respiration |
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How does creatine phosphate function in muscle contraction?
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It is made from ATP before the muscles are working
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What two things happen in order to "repay" an oxygen deficit (=oxygen debt)?
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getting rid of lactic acid
getting more creatine phosphate |
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What has changed in a marathon runner to cause exhaustion at the end of race?
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a marathon runner experiences exercise exhaustion because the runner now is using cellular respiration which causes all the available glycogen to be used up
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How does exercise or lack of exercise influence the size of muscles? Give the technical terms for these changes.
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Muscles get smaller with no exercise and increase with exercise. This is known as atrophy and hypertrophy, respectively.
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Muscles fibers for sustained activity are called (distance running)
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Slow twitch
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Muscle fibers for quick power are called (weight lifting)
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Fast twitch
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Which type of fiber is predominantly aerobic?
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Slow twitch
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What type of fiber is predominantly anaerobic?
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Fast twitch
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Describe three important features of slow twitch muscle that are different from fast twitch muscle.
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Slow twitch muscles are for prolonged, endurance activity while fast twitch is for short, intense activity. They are aerobic while fast twich is often anaerobic. Often more bright since myoglobin + blood = red color while fast twitch are often more pale.
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Pneumonia: What germs cause this, who is especially at risk and why?
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Viral or bacterial infection of lungs which bronchi and alveoli fill with fluid. Symptoms- high fever, chills, headache, chest pain. Especially prone is AIDS patients.
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Tuberculosis: Cause? Why is this particularly difficult to treat? Special dangers?
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Caused by tubercle bacillus, germ is very hard to kill with antibiotics, germ spreads easily from person to person
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Pulmonary Fibrosis:
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Cause: Inhaling particles such as sand, coal dust, asbestos, and fiberglass. The irritants cause the formation of alveolar cysts which reduce surface area and reduce alveolar elasticity. Now primarily a smoking hazard. Cannot be cured.
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Chronic Bronchitis:
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Airways are inflammed and filled with mucus. cough often brings up mucus. Bronchi have undergone degenerative cchanges including loss of ciliar and their normal cleansing action. Infection more likely to occur. Smoking cigarettes and cigars often cause or for some exposure to other pollutants
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Emphysema
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Alveoli are distended and their walls damaged so surface area available for gas exchange is reduced along with elasticity. Chronic severe coughing rips alveoli and alveolar walls destroyed, replaced by scare tissue. Exercise, drug therapy, supplemental oxygen along with quitting smoking may relieve symptoms and slow progress.
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How are the tonsils positioned along the air passages?
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they form a protective ring at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx. they aid air passages by protecting against foreign antigens that get inhaled.
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Why do men have a deep voice?
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the growth of the vocal chords is more rapid and accentuated in males
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