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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transmission across the synaptic cleft
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1. The action potential gets to the end of the presynaptic axon
2. The action potential triggers Ca2+ to enter the presynaptic axon terminal 3. The Ca2+ triggers synaptic vesicles located at the axon terminal to merge with the neural membrane 4. The synaptic vesicles release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft |
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Transmission across the synaptic cleft
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5. These neurotransmitters travel across the
synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic neuron (or the muscle) 6. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) These receptors are ligand gated sodium ion channels which allow Na+ to enter the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) and triggers an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle contraction) 8. Once the neurotransmitters are released they need to be destroyed or contained quickly or they will continue to stimulate the nerve |
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What are clinical trials?
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clinical trials are experiments that deal with medicines or other materials used by humans are first tested on lab animals.
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What is a double blind study?
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neither the researcher nor participants know which medicine is going to which person.
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What are humans mostly made up of?
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carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
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what are isotopes
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atoms with the same #of protons but different # of neutrons
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explain covalent bonds:
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the strongest bonds.
they form when 2 or more atoms share the electrons in their outer shells. |
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What are properties of water?
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because water is polar& forms hydrogen bonds, it acts as a solvent for polar molecules.
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Water has ______ due to its hydrogen bond. (property of H20)
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COHESION
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What is COHESION important in?
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COHESION in water is important in blood flow thru the capillaries. (blood moves easier in vessels)
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Water has high ______ _______
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water has HIGH HEAT CAPACITY.
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What does H20 having high heat capacity do?
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the temp. of h20 rises & lowers slowly preventing sudden changes in our body.
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Water has high ________ e_______
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High Heat Evaporation. It takes a great deal of energy to break the hydrogen bonds in h20.
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what happens to our body when water turns to vapor?
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when water turns to vapor our body sweats, to cool us off.
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What causes acid rain?
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H2SO4- pollution from electric power plants.
HNO3- pollution from cars, buses, etc. |
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Lysosomes are made by?
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the Golgi
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What are the bases of DNA?
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ATCG
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What are the bases of RNA?
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AUCG
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Whats the function of RNA Polymerase?
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RNA Polymerase brings Complementary RNA nucleotides together & binds them together into a chain.
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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in the cytosol
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Where does Intermediate or Transition Reaction occur?
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in the mitochondria
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Where does Krebs Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle occur?
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Mitochondria
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What are the starting & ending molecules of Glycolysis?
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Start : Glucose
Releases: 2 NADH, 2 ATP End: 2Pyruvate |
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What are the starting & ending molecules of Intermediate/ transition reaction?
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Start:2 pyruvate
Releases:2 NADH, 2 CO2 End: 2 Acetyl CoA |
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What are the starting & ending molecules of Krebs cycle/ citric acid?
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Start: 2 Acetyl CoA
End: 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH2, & 2 ATP |
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Depolariztion is caused by ____ ions entering the axon.
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depolarization is caused by sodium ions entering the axon
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What is an OSTEON?
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the structural unit of a bone.
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What are components of an OSTEON?
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haversian, osteocytes, &canliculi
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What are 3 types of bone cells?
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Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, & osteocytes
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What are bone forming cells that mature into osteocytes after secreting "bone ground substance" ( build up the bone matrix)
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OSTEOBLASTS
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what are mature bone cels?
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OSTEOCYTES
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What is the Corpus callosum?
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Corpus callosum – band of white matter that
connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
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What is an Amygdala?
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Amygdala – important in remembering fear
and responding to it. |
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What stimulates the muscle to contract?
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A nerve cell signals the muscle to contract
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What are the 3 energy sources for muscle contraction ?
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1. the breakdown of Creatine phosphate.
2. Cellular Respiration 3. Fermentation. |
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What are the components of muscle fibers?
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Myofibrils
Sacromere Z-Lines T-tubule Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Sarcolemma |
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What are bundles of filaments that contract?
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MYOFILAMENTS
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What is the SARCOLEMMA?
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The plasma membrane around the muscle fibers
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The structural unit of myofilaments, goes b/w 2 dark lines is called....
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Sarcomere
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What are Z-lines?
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protein sheets where the actin filaments attach.
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What is a T-tubule?
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extensions of the Sarcolemma that come into contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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What are extensions of the Sarcolemma that come into contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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T-tubule
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What is the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
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similar to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Stores & releases CA2+
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How do white blood cells leave blood & enter tissues?
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They squeeze through pores in the capillary wall therefore are also found in tissue fluid & lymphatic system
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What enzymes & genetic material do HIV particles have & what is their function?
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1) mRNA-- uses reverse transcriptase to turn RNA into DNA
2.)Enzymes including reverse transcriptase; integrase, & protease. |
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Where are T-cells & B-cells produced?
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BONE MARROW
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T-cells MATURE in?
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T-cells mature in the THYMUS
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Where do B-cells mature?
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B-cells stay & mature in the bone marrow..
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Once mature, where are T-cells & B-cells found?
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in the Lymphocytes
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What records electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle?
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Electro Cardio Gram (ECG) records it.
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What are the 3 waves on the ECG?
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P-wave : Atrial Contraction
QRS Wave: Ventricle Contraction T-wave: Ventricle Repolarization |
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What does an Electrocardio gram do?
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Records electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
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What are the compounds contained in urine?
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Water
HCO-3, inorganic satls, H+ Urea, Uric Acid & creatine. |
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TRUE or FALSE: Viruses may remain latent or inactive in your body for years?
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TRUE!
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State atleast 3 Characteristics of a virus:
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1. Non Cellular, 2. Non living organisms, 3. Have genetic material (DNA or RNA)
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What are the Organs of the Urinary system?
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Kidneys
Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra |
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What are the organs of the Male Reproductive system?
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Testes
Epididymis Vas Deferans Penis Prostate Seminal Vesicles Bulbourethral glands |
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What are the organs of the Female Reproductive system?
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Ovaries, Oviducts, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina
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What are Secondary Structures?
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Structural features
within a polypeptide chain (Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheets) |
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Proteins have four distinct levels of structure that affect their function in the body, what are they ?
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Primary
Secondary Tertiary Quaternary |
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What are PRIMARY STRUCTURES?
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Amino acid sequence
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What are Tertiary Structure?
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Overall folding
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What are Quaternary Structure
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Multiple polypeptides
interacting |
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What do Chaperone proteins do?
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Chaperone proteins aide in the folding of polypeptide chains.
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What is denaturation?
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A protein can loose its shape under some conditions.
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A protein can loose its shape under some conditions. = _____?
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denaturation
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What can freely pass through the membrane?
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1. Gases – oxygen, carbon dioxide
2. Hydrophobic compounds (non-polar) 3. Very small uncharged molecules (Water, even though water is polar, it is small enough to pass) |
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Define Phagocytosis.
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when cells transport large
particles and cells (bacteria) into the cell using vesicles |
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What is it called when cells transport fluid
into the cell using vesicles? |
Pinocytosis
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What is Tay-Sachs?
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is a hereditary disease where
people don’t have a enzyme normally found in lysosomes that breaks down lipids in nerve cells. |
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Where are polypeptide chains (chains of amino acids) are folded into their shape by
chaperones? |
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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What organelle produces energy for the cell?
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Mitochondria
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Sound enters the ear canal and hits the ________?
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tympanic membrane (ear drum).
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What is the Cochlea?
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is a fluid filled coiled membrane
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Balance depends on the __________ of the inner ear
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vestibular apparatus
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Sensory receptors are specialized structures
that ________? |
detect stimuli (stimulus)
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What detects stimuli (stimulus)?
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Sensory receptors
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What is comprised of free nerve endings and detects touch?
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Merkel disks
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What are Merkel disks?
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comprised of free nerve endings and detects touch.
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White blood cells (WBCs) – also called?
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leukocytes
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What are the types of WBCs?
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1.Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils and mast cells 4. Monocytes 5. Lymphocytes – T cells, B cells, NKC |
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Red blood cells (RBCs) - also called?
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Erythrocytes
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What is comprised of free nerve endings and detects touch?
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Merkel disks
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What are Merkel disks?
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comprised of free nerve endings and detects touch.
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White blood cells (WBCs) – also called?
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leukocytes
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What are the types of WBCs?
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1.Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils and mast cells 4. Monocytes 5. Lymphocytes – T cells, B cells, NKC |
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Red blood cells (RBCs) - also called?
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Erythrocytes
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What is the role of oxygen in the body?
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Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the
electron transport chain in cellular aerobic respiration |
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What are Steps of blood clot
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1. Vessel damage occurs.
2. Blood vessel constricts 3. Platelets adhere to damaged site 4. Clotting factors are released at the site of the injury 5. The clotting factors activate an inactive protein to prothrombin activator. 6. Prothrombin activator converts prothombin from the liver to thombin 7. Thombin changes fibrinogen into fibrin strands 8. Fibrin strands, blood cells, and platelets form a meshwork sealing the damaged vessel. 9. Clot contracts and pulls damaged edges together, further sealing the opening. 10. An enzyme, plasmin, then breaks up the clot. |
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What are Simple squamous epithelium
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flattened cells
Forming the lining of blood vessels and air sacs = alveoli (in lungs). Functions: Exchange of nutrients, waste and gases, protection |
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What are Stratified Squamous Epithelial
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Several layers of flattened cells
Located on surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina Functions: Provides protection against abrasion, infection,and drying out |
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What are Simple cuboidal epithelium
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cubed shaped
cells Lining the kidney tubules and ovaries and glands. Functions: secretion, absorption |
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What are Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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Looks like it has more than one layer but
does not. Lines respiratory tract. Function: Remove debris out of the lungs |
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What are different types of connective tissue?
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1. Areolar
2. Adipose 3. Dense (Tendons and Ligaments) 4. Cartilage 5. Bone 6. Blood |
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What are the 4 types of membranes?
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1.Mucous
2. Serous 3. Synovial 4. Cutaneous |
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What lines thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities and the organs contained in them? |
Serous
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Melanocytes produce _____?
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melanin
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What is the hypodermis?
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is a layer of loose
connective tissue beneath the dermis and epidermis connecting it to other tissues |
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What are Examples of Beneficial Bacteria?
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Lactobacillus
Nitrogen fixing bacteria Phosphorus fixing bacteria Normal flora in body |
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What is Clostridium botulinum?
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bacteria produce the
toxin that causes botulism, interferes with nerve function |
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What is Borrelia burgdorferi?
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bacteria that uses deer
ticks to move from host to host, causes Lyme disease |
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What are HIV drugs?
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Fusion inhibitors
2. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors 3. Protease inhibitors 4. Integrase inhibitors 5. HIV entry inhibitors |
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What supplies blood to the
kidneys? |
The RENAL CIRCUIT
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What is a narrowing of the arteries
due to fatty deposits and thickening of the wall? |
Atherosclerosis
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What can show coronary artery blockage?
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Angiography can show coronary artery
blockage |
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How can Coronary Artery Blockage be treated?
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can then be treated with
medicines or surgical operations such as angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery |
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What is the Myoglobin?
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is an oxygen binding protein similar to hemoglobin, but found only in muscles
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What is an oxygen binding protein similar to hemoglobin, but found only in muscles?
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Myoglobin
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