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347 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Function of urinary system
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Excretion of metabolic wastes and to maintain homeostasis of blood.
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What are the organs of the urinary system?
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Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
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Excretion
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The majority of the metabolic wastes removed from the body is mainly due to the action of the kidneys.
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Kidneys
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Main organ in the urinary system, produces urine.
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Ureters
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Conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder by peristaltic contractions produced from contractions of smooth muscle in ureter wall.
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Urinary Bladder
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Stores urine until it is expelled from the body
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Urethra
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Small tube that extends from The urinary bladder to an external opening. In males the urethra also functions as a reproductive tract organ.
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Function of the kidneys
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1. Filter waste from blood.
2. Maintenance of water-salt balance of the blood. 3. Regulates blood pressure 4. Maintenance of acid-base balance of the blood 5. Secretion of hormones = renin and erythropoietin |
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Each kidney has three regions
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1. Renal cortex
2. Renal medulla 3. Renal pelvis |
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Renal cortex
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An outer granulated layer
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Renal medulla
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Consists of cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids
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Renal pelvis
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A central cavity that is continuous with the ureter.
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Nephrons
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The functional units of the kidney. There's over 1 mil per kidney.
Nephrons extend from the Renal cortex into the Renal medulla |
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Renal corpuscle
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Where fluid is filtered from blood. Consists of glomerulus and glomerular capsule
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Glomerulus
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The network of capillaries
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Glomerular capsule
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Surrounds the glomerulus
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Nephron has three functions
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Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion |
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Glomerular filtration
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Occurs as blood pressure forces water, ions, and other small molecules in the blood through the pores in the glomerulus and into the glomerular capsule
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Filtrate
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Passes into the renal tube
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Renal tubule has 3 parts
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Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of the Nephron (Loop of Henle) Distal convoluted tubule |
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Proximal convoluted tube
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where
reabsorption of filtrate components occurs, tubular secretion can also occur here |
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Loop of the Nephron
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Consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb that
regulates osmotic balance |
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Distal convoluted tubule
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Further
absorption of water and salts; leads to the renal pelvis |
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Collecting ducts
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Carry urine to the renal pelvis
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Tubular reabsorption
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Many molecules are reabsorbed - transported from the lumen into the tissues then into capillaries
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Tubular secretion
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Substances are removed from the blood and added to the tubular fluid, mainly in the DCT (H+, creatine, and drugs like penicilin)
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What do diuretics do?
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Increase urinary output, making more dilute urine
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What are examples of diuretics?
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Caffeine, lasix, and alcohol
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What are 3 hormone regulations of urine?
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
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Antidiuretic hormone
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Makes the collecting duct more permeable to
water therefore, increases the water reabsorption in the collecting duct, making more concentrated urine. Produced by the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Site of action: collecting ducts |
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Aldosterone
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Hormone produced and released by the adrenal
cortex Increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, water follows Making more concentrated urine |
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus and Aldosterone
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Aldosterone is released in response to blood
pressure monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus The cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus release the hormone renin Renin is converted to an active form that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone |
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
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Hormone produced by the heart in response to
increased blood volume and pressure Decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, water stays in the filtrate Also inhibits production of aldosterone and renin Making more dilute urine. Lowers blood pressure and blood volume |
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Renin
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Increases blood pressure by
triggering the release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex |
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Erythropoietin
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speeds up the
maturation process of RBCs, target = stem cells in bone marrow |
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The Kidney’s role in Vit D
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Vitamin D is produced in the skin in response
to sunlight, and provided by certain foods in diet The kidneys and liver transform Vitamin D into the active form, calcitrol Calcitrol promotes the absorption of calcium into the small intestine and reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys |
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Kidney's role in acid-base balance
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H+ is secreted into the tubules and
bicarbonate is reabsorbed out of the tubules |
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Kidney's role in salt-water balance
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The kidneys reabsorb salt and water,
maintaining osmotic balance in the blood, this also affects blood pressure |
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Bladder
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The urine goes from the kidneys into the
ureters then to the bladder where it is stored until it can be released through the urethra |
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Urination
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Urination is controlled by both voluntary and
involuntary actions When the bladder fills to about 250ml of urine then the motor nerve impulses cause the bladder to contract and the sphincters to relax so that urination is possible |
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What are two urinary function disorders
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Acute renal failure
Urinary tract infections |
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Acute renal failure
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Abrupt or nearly complete failure of kidney to function
Caused by severe inflammation, drugs, or poison Treatment is dialysis and organ transplant |
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Urinary tract infections
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Urethritis, cystitis, and pyelonephritis
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Treatment of UTI's
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Antibiotics
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What are gonads?
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Testes and ovaries
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What do gonads do? What do testes and ovaries produce
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Produce sperm or eggs
Produce hormones Testes produce testosterone Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone |
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When sperm and egg fuse
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Fertilization
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The result of fertilization is:
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Zygote
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Explain the overview of male reproduction
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Sperm begin their development in the testes
Then they undergo further development in the epididymis The sperm will travel through the vas deferens then through the urethra and out of the body = ejaculation Along the way from the testes to the urethra, fluid is secreted. The fluid and the sperm together is called semen |
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Ejaculation
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When the sperm travels through the vas deferens then through the urethra and out of the body
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Semen
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The fluid and the sperm together
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Testes
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Produce sperm and testosterone
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Scrotum
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The sac your testes sit in
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The testes are comprised of many tubes called
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Seminiferous tubules
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Interstitial cells are located where?
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Between the seminiferous tubules
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Epididymis
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Sperms mature and are stored here
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Vas deferens
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Conducts sperm from epididymis to the urethra
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Urethra
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Conducts sperm or urine out of the body through the penis
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Penis
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Male organ for intercourse or urination
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Prostate
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Gland that secretes fluid that makes up semen alkaline, activates the sperm and makes them motile
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Seminal vesicles
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Gland that secretes fluid that makes up most of the volume of the semen. The fluid contains sugar, amino acids, and prostaglandins.
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Bulbourethral glands
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Secretes fluid before ejaculation, this fluid lubricates the urethra, and rinse the acidic urine from the urethra
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Where does spermatogenesis occur
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In the outer layer of the seminiferous tubules
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The process of spermatogenesis
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With spermatogonia
Spermatogonia undergoes mitosis to divide into two cells One of these cells will stay a spermatogonia, the other bell will be a primary spermatocyte The primary spermatocyte will undergo meiosis 1 to create two secondary spermatocytes The secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 to create four spermatids |
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Structural changes take place to make
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Spermatazoa
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The mature sperm cell has three regions
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Head, midpiece, and tail
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Head of sperm contains
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DNA, coated with the acrosome
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Midpiece of sperm contains
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High concentration of mitochondria
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Tail of sperm contains
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Flagella for movement
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The five hormonal regulation in males
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Gonadotropic-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, inhibin
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Gonadotropic-releasing hormone
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Produced in and released by the hypothalamus
Target = Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH |
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Luteinizing hormone
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Produced and released by the anterior pituitary
Target = stimulates the interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
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Produced and released by the anterior pituitary
Target = stimulates cells in the seminiferous tubules to aid in the production of sperm |
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Testosterone
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Produced by the interstitial cells of the testes
Function = essential for normal development and functioning of the male reproductive organs and sperm |
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Regulation of reproduction of males
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Levels of testosterone is maintained by negative feedback
Rising testosterone levels inhibit the release of GnRH, resulting in lower levels LH released, leading to lower levels of testosterone Levels of sperm is also maintained by negative feedback Rising sperm levels cause the seminiferous tubules to release inhibin |
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Inhibin
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Inhibits the production of FSH, which lowers the production of sperm
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What controls the development of the egg and the preparation of the uterus to support the embryo
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Hormones
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Oogenesis
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A woman is born with the oocytes she has
As a fetus, diploid oogenia cells begin meiosis to form oocytes The oocytes are suspended in Prophase 1 Each month, a few oocytes finish meiosis 1 and develop into a secondary oocyte They stay at meiosis 2 in the metaphase stage until the sperm fertilizes the oocyte |
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Ovaries
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Produce eggs and female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
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Oocytes
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Cells that will become eggs
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The oocytes are contained in a female's ovaries inside what?
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Follicle
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Follicles
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Group of cells that support the oocytes
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Follicle-stimulating hormones for female
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Travels to the ovaries where it develops
Produces estrogen |
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Ovulation
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Every 28 days, an oocyte will leave an ovary
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The follicle stays in the ovary after ovulation
This also releases estrogen and progesterone to help support the uterus in preparation for the embryo |
Corpus luteum
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LH in females
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Produced by the anterior pituitary, promotes the development of the corpus luteum
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Regulation of reproduction in females
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Levels of estrogen and progesterone is maintained by negative feedback
Rising levels of estrogen and progesterone (except at very high levels) inhibits the anterior pituitary, resulting in lower levels LH and FSH released |
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Pregnancy
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Begins when implantation occurs usually on the sixth day after fertilization
Embryo develops into a fetus |
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Cervix
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Opening to uterus, dilates to let the fetus pass through
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Vagina
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Birth canal and intercourse organ of the female
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Breasts
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Produce milk to feed infant
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Menopause
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When ovarian and uterine cycles cease (begins at age 45-55)
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Fraternal twins
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Occasionally more than one follicle will mature and therefore more than one oocyte will be released. These two oocytes will travel into the uterine tubes where they can meet sperm, different sperm will fertilize the oocytes.
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Preven
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4 synthetic progesterone and estrogen pills
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Characteristics humans share with other living things
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1. Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
2. Cellular 3. Reproduction 4. Acquire and use energy 5. Respond to environment 6. Maintains homeostasis 7. Population of living organisms evolve and have adaptive traits |
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Cell
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Smallest unit with the capacity to
live and reproduce independently or as part of a multicelled organism |
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Tissue
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Organized collection of cells
that function together in a specialized activity |
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Organ
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Combination of tissues that
function together |
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Organ system
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multiple organs and tissues working
together for a common function, example = digestion system |
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Multi-celled Organism
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Individual consisting of interdependent
cells typically organized in tissues, organs, and organ system Example = Humans |
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Population
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A group of individuals of the same species, living
together in the same area Example = Humans living in Napa |
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Community
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Populations of all species living together in the same
area |
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Ecosystem
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The community and its physical environment
Example = The species living in Napa and the water, soil, and sunlight |
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Biosphere
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All regions of the Earth’s crust, water, and
atmosphere with all the living species |
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Organic
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molecules of one
or more elements covalently bound to one or more carbons |
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Macromolecules
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Large molecules
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Polymers
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Macromolecules composed of small, repeated molecules
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Monomers
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Small units that form the polymers
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Types of organic compounds
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Carbohydrates - monosaccharides, disaccharides
Lipids - phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides Proteins - amino acids Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA |
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Monosaccharide, disaccharide
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One sugar, two sugars
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When polymers are made, and water is removed
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Dehydration synthesis
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When polymers are broken, and water is added
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Hydrolysis
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Functions of Carbohydrates
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Rapidly mobilized source of energy
Energy storage Structural Coupled with protein to form glycoproteins |
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Lactose intolerance
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Disaccharide made of glucose + galactose
The enzyme lactase breaks lactose into two monosaccharides |
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Complex carbohydrates (example)
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Polymer: Glycogen, starch, cellulose
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Glycogen
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Function: Carbohydrate stored in animals for energy
Structure: coiled and branched Stored in liver and muscle |
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Starch
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Function: carbohydrate stored in plants for energy, stored in amyloplasts
Structure: coiled, may have some branching Used for energy |
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Cellulose
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Function: Carbohydrate used by plants for structure
Structure: Hydrogen bonds stabilize chains into tight bundles Humans don't have the enzyme to break down cellulose into individual glucose and molecules Important for fiber in our diet |
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Lipids
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Like carbohydrates, they are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipids are not soluble in water |
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Types of lipids
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Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
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Saturated fats
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Carbon chain has at least one double bond
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Unsaturated fats
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Carbon chain that has at least one double bond
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Heart disease
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Plaque collecting in the blood vessels leading to the heart
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HDL, LDL
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HDL = good cholesterol
LDL = bad cholesterol |
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Peptides
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Chains of only a few amino acids
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Polypeptides
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Chains of ten or more amino acids
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Proteins
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Polypeptide chains of at least 50 amino acids
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What structure is "Amino acid sequence"
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Primary structure
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What structure is "Structural features within a polypeptide chain"
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Secondary structure
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What structure is "Overall folding"
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Tertiary structure
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What structure is "Multiple polypeptides reacting"
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Quaternary structure
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What kind of proteins aid in the folding of polypeptide chains?
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Chaperone
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A protein can lose its shape under some conditions which is called
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Denaturation
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Bacteria and archaea have no nucleus, no organelles, have ribosomes
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Prokaryotic
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Controls entry in/out of cell
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Plasma membrane
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Semi-fluid matrix (liquid is cytosol)
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Cytoplasm
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Gives shape, structure, transport
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Cytoskeleton
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Assembling polypeptide chains
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Ribosomes
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Membrane bound compartments
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Organelles
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Contains the DNA
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Nucleus
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Energy production
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Mitochondria
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Modifies new polypeptide chains
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Synthesizes lipids
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Modifies, sorts, ships new proteins and lipids
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Golgi complex
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Storage, transport, digestion
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Vesicles
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Molecules are free to move around
Mixture of phospholipids, steroids, and proteins |
Fluid mosaic model
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Four main components of plasma membrane
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Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids
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Not everything can freely pass through a plasma membrane
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Semi-permeable
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What can freely pass through a membrane
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Gases, hydrophobic compounds, very small uncharged molecules
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What can not freely pass through a membrane
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Ions, hydrophilic compounds, charged compounds, macromolecules compounds
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The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. Restores the solute balance
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Osmosis
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Concentration of solutes is higher outside than inside
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Hypertonic
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Concentration of solutes is lower outside than inside
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Hypotonic
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Inside and outside have same concentration
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Isotonic
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Does not require energy, uses concentration gradient
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Passive transport
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Requires energy, goes against concentration gradient
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Active transport
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Molecules that can freely pass through membrane are controlled by concentration gradient
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Simple diffusion
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Molecules that are aided by a transport protein, still controlled by concentration gradient
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Facilitated diffusion
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The kind of transport where the cell will use energy to maintain a higher concentration
Used to transport sugars, amino acids, and ions Movement from a lower concentration to a higher concentration with the help of a carrier protein (usually from ATP) |
Active transport
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Moving things out of a cell using a vesicle
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Exocytosis
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Moving things into the cell using a vesicle
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Endocytosis
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When cells transport large particles and cells (bacteria) into the cell using vesicles
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Phagocytosis
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When cells transport fluid into the cells using vesicles
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Pinocytosis
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Double membrane
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Nuclear envelope
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Dense area in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced
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Nucleolus
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Area inside the nucleus
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Nucleoplasm
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DNA and its associated proteins
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Chromatin
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Digestion vesicles that
contain strong acids and enzymes, can fuse with plasma membrane to expel waste. Made by the golgi |
Lysosomes
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A hereditary disease where people don't have an enzyme normally found in lysosomes that breaks down lipids in nerve cells
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Tay-Sachs disease
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Outer membrane of a mitochondria faces what?
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Cytoplasm
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Inner membrane folded in a mitochondria forms what?
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Cristae
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What produces energy and is important in apoptosis?
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Mitochondria
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In the cytoskeleton, this serves as tracks along which organelles or vesicles move, aid in cell division, and are responsible for the structure and movement of cilia and flagella
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Microtubules
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This contains one phosphate, one sugar, and one base
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Nucleotides
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Bases hydrogen bond together to keep the two strands together
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Double helix
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Two nucleotides, one on each complementary strand of a DNA molecule
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Base pairs
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Two strands bonded together by hydrogen bonds between the bases are weak or strong?
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Weak
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Adenine binds with...
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Thymine
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Cytosine binds with...
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Guanine
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This enzyme unwinds the DNA molecule and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs
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Helicase
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Enzymes called ____ add new nucleotides to pair with the old DNA
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DNA polymerase
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Each new DNA molecule contains one strand of the original DNA and one strand of new DNA
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Semi-conservative replication
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When one base pair is paired incorrectly, it's called
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Point mutation
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Chemicals that damage the DNA and cause mutations in replication, for ex. cigarette smoke, sunglight
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Mutagens
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What is an example of a good mutation?
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Evolution
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What's the difference b/w DNA and RNA?
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RNA = single stranded, ribose, uracil
DNA = double stranded, deoxyribose, thymine |
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This polymerase binds to a region on the DNA upstream from the gene called the promoter region, also brings complementary RNA nucleotides together and binds them together to form a chain
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RNA polymerase
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A three-base sequence that translates into one amino acid
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Codon
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This RNA brings the amino acids to the ribosomes
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tRNA
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A three-base sequence on the other end of the tRNA that is complementary to the codon of the mRNA
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Anticodon
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The RNA that forms the peptide bond
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rRNA
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This part of cellular metabolism requires oxygen, and produces carbon dioxide
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Aerobic cellular respiration
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This part of cellular metabolism does not require oxygen
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Anaerobic fermentation
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What are the four steps to aerobic cellular respiration?
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Glycolysis
Transition reaction Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain |
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Process of aerobic cellular resp. that occurs in cytoplasm and results in 2ATP, 2NADH, and 2 pyruvate
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Glycolysis
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Process of aerobic cellular resp. that occurs in the mitochondria and results in 2CO2, 2NADH, and 2 Acetyl CoA
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Transition reaction
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Process of aerobic cellular resp. that occurs in the mitochondria and results in 4CO2, 2ATP, 6NADH, and 2FADH2
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Citric acid cycle
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This kind of tissue covers the body surfaces, line cavities and organs, and forms glands
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Epithelial tissue
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This kind of tissue binds and supports the body, provides protection for our organs serves as a storage for fat
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Connective tissue
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This kind of tissue is responsible for movement
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Muscle tissue
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This kind of tissue receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses
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Nervous tissue
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This binds the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue, also a characteristic of epithelial tissues
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Basement membrane
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This kind of epithelial tissue forms the lining of blood vessels and air sacs = alveoli (in lungs), flattened cells
Exchanges nutrients, wastes, etc. |
Simple squamous epithelium
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This kind of epithelial tissue is located on the skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina. Provides protection against abrasion
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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This kind of epithelial cell is cube-shaped
Its function is secretion and absorption Lining the kidney tubules and ovaries and glands |
Simple cuboidal epithelium
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This kind of epithelial cell has more than one layer of cube-shaped cells and is located in ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, etc
Its function is protection |
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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This kind of epithelial tissue is rectangular and is found in the respiratory and digestive tract
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Simple columnar epithelium
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This kind of epithelial tissue is found in the respiratory tract only
Its function is to remove debris out of the lungs |
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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Glands that secrete their products into ducts
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Exocrine glands
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Glands that secrete their products directly into blood
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Endocrine glands
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This connective tissue has fibroblasts and its function is to bind and support
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Areolar connective tissue
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This connective tissue's function is energy storage, insulation, cushion for organs
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Adipose connective tissue
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This connective tissue attach bone to bone, and muscle to bone
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Dense connective tissue
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Cells in chambers of cartilage
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Lacunae
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This connective tissue's function is for support and protedtion. These are found on your nose, outer ear, ends of long bones, etc.
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Cartilage
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What is a bone cell called?
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Osteocyte
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In nervous tissue, nerve cells that conduct the message
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Neurons
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In nervous tissue, cells that support the neurons
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Neuroglia
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This prevents substances from leaking across tissues
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Tight junctions
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This holds adjacent cells together and allow tissues to be flexible
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Adhesion junctions
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This opens channels b/w cells allowing rapid communication due to quick transfer of ions
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Gap junctions
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This type of membrane lines passages to the exterior world, including those of respiratory, digestive...
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Mucous
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This type of membrane lines thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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Serous
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This type of membrane line cavities of freely moveable joints
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Synovial
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This type of membrane is skin, and lines the outside of the body, thick, dry
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Cutaneous
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A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
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Organ
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Organs work together to form an....
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Organ system
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What cavity contains the urinary, reproductive, and digestive system?
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Abdominal cavity
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|
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What cavity contains the spinal and cranial cavity?
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Dorsal cavity
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What cavity contains lungs?
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Pleural cavity
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|
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What are the functions of the integumentary system?
|
1. Provides protection from bacteria
2. Reduce water loss 3. Temperature regulation 4. Vit D production 5. Contains sensors that detect pain, temperature, and pressure |
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What do melanocytes produce?
|
Melanin
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|
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What does epidermis contain?
|
Thick outer layer of strat squamous epithelial
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What does dermis contain?
|
Thick underlying layer of connective tissue
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|
|
Bone forming cells
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Osteoblasts
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Bone absorbing cells
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Osteoclasts
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What cells heal bone fractures?
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Fibroblasts and osteoblasts
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|
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Formation of bones
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Ossification
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These cells in the nervous system are immune, engulf bacteria and cellular debris
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Microglial
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These cells in the nervous system provide nutrients to neurons
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Astrocytes
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These cells in nervous system form myelin sheaths
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Oligodenrocytes and Schwann cells
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Projections from the cell body that carry messages TO the body
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Dendrites
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One large projection from the cell body that carry messages AWAY from the body
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Axons
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Neurons carrying messages TO the CNS
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Afferent
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Neurons carrying messages AWAY from the CNS
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Efferent
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Where is the afferent cell bodies located?
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In the dorsal root ganglion
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Where is the efferent cell bodies located?
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The gray matter of the spinal cord
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What are the functions of myelin sheaths?
|
1. The main benefit is that the myelinated neurons carry messages faster than the non-myelinated neurons
2. Able to regenerate injured PNS using Schwann cells |
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Which one is found in the PNS or CNS? Oligodendrocytes or Schwann?
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Schwann = PNS
Oligodendrocytes = CNS |
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The difference in charge b/w the inside and outside is called...
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Membrane potential
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What nervous system is a part of PNS that controls voluntary functions?
|
Somatic nervous system
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|
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What nervous system is a part of PNS that controls involuntary functions?
|
Autonomic nervous system
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Which "division" is the "rest and digest?"
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Parasympathetic division
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Which "division" is the "fight or flight?"
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Sympathetic division
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The inflammation of the meninges is called....
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Meningitis
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The inflammation of the brain is called...
|
Encephalitis
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This supports the brain's weight, shock absorption, and waste removal
|
Cerebrospinal fluid
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|
|
This permits certain substances to enter the brain, while inhibiting others
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Blood-brain barrier
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|
What does the cerebellum contain?
|
Cerebral cortex
Hippocampus Amygdala |
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|
The thin outer layer of the cerebrum is where most of the thinking and processing take place
|
Cerebral cortex
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|
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This is important for long-term memory
|
Hippocampus
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|
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This is important in remembering fear and responding to it
|
Amygdala
|
|
|
Which part of the brain is responsible for the decision making?
|
Prefrontal cortex
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|
|
In the brain, the band of white matter that connects two cerebral hemispheres
|
Corpus callosum
|
|
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Processes sensory information and relays it to other areas of the brain
|
Thalamus
|
|
|
Functions of hypothalamus
|
1. Maintains homeostasis. Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and body temperature
2. Regulates drives including hunger 3. Controls the pituitary gland |
|
|
Maintains balance and coordination, refines motor skills, new motor skills (playing piano)
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
What parts does the brain stem contain?
|
Medulla oblongata, midpiece, and pons
|
|
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Sensory receptors are specialized structures that detect ____
|
Stimuli
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|
If a sensory receptor is continuously stimulated, it will stop responding. What is it?
|
Sensory adaptation
|
|
|
Tips of dendrites of sensory neurons
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Free nerve endings, detect touch and pain
|
|
|
Comprised of free nerve endings and Merkel cells
|
Merkel disks
|
|
|
Encapsulated nerve endings, tells us exactly where we were touched
|
Meissner's corpuscle
|
|
|
Layers of tissue surround the nerve ending, detects pressure when first applied
|
Pacinian corpuscle
|
|
|
Encapsulated nerve endings that respond to continuous pressure
|
Ruffini corpuscle
|
|
|
Specialized nerve ending that detect change in temperature
|
Thermoreceptors
|
|
|
This protects and shapes the eye and provides attachment for muscles
|
Sclera
|
|
|
This allows light to enter the eye
|
Cornea
|
|
|
Part of eye that contains blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen
|
Choroid
|
|
|
A ring of muscle that functions to focus the lens of the retina
|
Ciliary body
|
|
|
The colored portion of the eye, contains smooth muscle that contracts and dilates the eye
|
Iris
|
|
|
The opening in the center of the iris that lets light into the eye
|
Pupil
|
|
|
This part of the inner layer of the eye contains what three things
|
Retina, photoreceptors, and fovea
|
|
|
Part of the inner layer of the eye that is a pit in the retina with a high concentration of cones
|
Fovea
|
|
|
What structure of the eye carries visual information to the brain
|
Optic nerve
|
|
|
There are two fluid filled chambers in the eye...
|
Vitreous humor and aqueous humor
|
|
|
Jelly like fluid in posterior chamber. Holds retina against the eye
|
Vitreous humor
|
|
|
Clear fluid in anterior chamber. Supplies nutrients and oxygen to cornea and lens
|
Aqueous humor
|
|
|
This part of the eye can change shape to focus on near and far objects
|
Lens
|
|
|
This type of photoreceptor work best in bright light and provide color vision
|
Cones
|
|
|
This type of photoreceptor works best in low light situations, provides black and white vision
|
Rods
|
|
|
The part of the inner eye that have pigments that absorb light
|
Photoreceptors
|
|
|
When the photoreceptors absorb light, they stop or don't stop releasing neurotransmitters
|
Stop
|
|
|
What is the ear drum called? It causes small bones in the ear to vibrate
|
Tympanic membrane
|
|
|
A fluid-filled coiled membrane located in the ear is called...
|
Cochlea
|
|
|
The outer ear is called...
|
Receiver
|
|
|
The inner ear is called...
|
Transmitter
|
|
|
The middle ear is called...
|
Amplifier
|
|
|
In the ear, what gathers the sound and acts like a funnel
|
Pinna
|
|
|
What brings the sound from the pinna to the the tympanic membrane?
|
External auditory canal
|
|
|
What are three auditory bones in the middle ear that amplify the vibratoin
|
Malleus, incus, stapes
|
|
|
What part of the ear equalizes pressure b/w inner and outer ear?
|
Auditory tube
|
|
|
What are the four parts of the inner ear?
|
Oval, round, cochlea, and vestibular apparatus
|
|
|
This part of the inner ear transmits the sound from the stapes to the fluid in cochlea
|
Oval window
|
|
|
This part of the inner ear relieves pressure
|
Round window
|
|
|
This part of the inner ear monitors the position of the head
|
Vestibular appartus
|
|
|
Fluid filled ____ at base of the semicircular canal have hair cells that are stimulated when head moves
|
Cupulas
|
|
|
What is the small chalk like granules located in the vestibular appartus?
|
Otoliths
|
|
|
Does smell pass through the thalamus?
|
No
|
|
|
What are the three types of muscles in the muscle system?
|
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
|
|
|
This type of muscle is involuntary and is found in many walls of many internal organs
Aids in the function of other organs |
Smooth
|
|
|
This type of muscle is involuntary and is found on the heart wall
This forces blood from the heart to the arteries |
Cardiac
|
|
|
This type of muscle is voluntary and is attached to the skeleton
Used in pairs |
Skeletal
|
|
|
The ___ of the muscle is attached to the bone and remains stationary
|
Origin
|
|
|
The ___ is attached to the bone that moves
|
Insertion
|
|
|
What are the functions of skeletal muscles?
|
1. Supports the body - maintain our posture
2. Movement of bones 3. Helps maintain a constant body temp - generates heat 4. Helps to protect vital organs |
|
|
Muscles are covered by connective tissue called
|
Fascia
|
|
|
Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers are called
|
Fascicles
|
|
|
Plasma membrane of muscle
|
Sarcolemma
|
|
|
Similar to cytoplasm, but in muscle
|
Sarcoplasm
|
|
|
Similar to endoplasmic retic., but in muscle. It stores Ca2+
|
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
Extensions of the sarcolemma that come into contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
T-tubules
|
|
|
The muscle fiber contains two types of myofilaments. What are they?
|
Actin and myosin
|
|
|
The function of the endocrine system is
|
It works with the nervous system to regulate and control other systems and maintains homeostasis
|
|
|
In the endocrine system, what kind of hormones bind to a receptor on the surface of the target cells. This hormone does not cross the membrane and enter the cell
|
Water soluble hormones
|
|
|
This soluble hormone can freely pass through the membrane
|
Lipid soluble hormones
|
|
|
Difference b/w water and lipid soluble hormones
|
Lipid takes longer because it still has to do transcription and translation.
Water does not enter the cell, but use secondary messengers |
|
|
What produces ADH, oxytocin, hypothalamic-inhibiting/releasing hormones?
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
What stores and releases ADH and oxytocin?
|
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
|
|
|
What produces TSH, ACTH, Gonadotropic hormones, Prolactin, and Growth Hormones
|
Anterior pituitary gland
|
|
|
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. Too little hormones are secreted
|
Addison's disease
|
|
|
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. Too much hormones are secreted
|
Cushing's syndrome
|
|
|
Raises blood glucose levels of the blood
|
Glucagon
|
|
|
Lowers the blood glucose level
|
Calcitonin
|
|
|
Pancreatic islets
|
Where hormones from the pancreas is secreted
|
|
|
What organ inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
|
Liver
|
|
|
This type of diabetes results in not producing enough insulin
|
Type 1 diabetes
|
|
|
This type of diabetes results in not responding to insulin
|
Type 2 diabetes
|
|
|
A hormone produced in adipose tissue and effects the hypothalamus to tell them that they are full and not need to eat anymore
|
Leptin
|
|
|
This plasma protein is needed for water-balancing properties of plasma
|
Albumin
|
|
|
This plasma protein transports lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
|
Globulin
|
|
|
The life span of this cell is 5 to 10 days
|
Platelets
|
|
|
Life span of this cell is a few hours to a few days
|
WBC
|
|
|
These blood cells are shaped like biconcave disks, transport oxygen to the rest of the cells
|
RBC
|
|
|
This blood disorder involves the blood's ability to carry oxygen is reduced. Can result from too little hemoglobin
|
Anemia
|
|
|
This blood disorder occurs when red blood cell destruction exceeds production
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
This blood disorder occurs when there is insufficient production of red blood cells
|
Pernicious anemia
|
