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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
Positive symptoms = added on to normal experience (hallucinations, delusions) Negative symptoms = taken away from normal experience (impaired cognition, blunted affect) |
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What happens to the brain of an individual with Schizophrenia? |
The brain (specifically the hippocampus) loses volume, and the cells in the hippocampus become disorganized. Schizophrenia also enlarges ventricles in the brain. |
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What is the Excessive Dopamine Hypothesis? |
This hypothesis says that too much dopamine causes/contributes to Schizophrenia |
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What kind of drugs can mimic or induce Schizophrenia? |
Dopamine increasing drugs, including L-DOPA and Amphetamines |
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What is used to treat amphetamine-induced psychosis? |
Dopamine-blocking antipsychotic medications |
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What are some other potential causes of Schizophrenia? |
Possibly related to: - impaired neural development or - maternal immune activation during pregnancy |
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What are the primary motor symptoms of Parkinson's? |
- Resting tremor - Brady-kinesia (slow movement) - Rigidity - Postural instability |
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What are other motor symptoms of Parkinson's? |
- freezing (the inability to initiate movements) - non-expressive faces - unwanted motor movements |
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What are some early or leading symptoms of Parkinson's? |
- loss of smell sensation - REM behavior disorder |
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What part of the brain experiences a large amount of cell death in patient's with Parkinson's |
The substantia nigra (be able to identify where the substantia nigra is located) |
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What happens during Parkinson's movement initiation? |
- decreased excitation from substantia nigra to caudate/putamen - decreased inhibition from putamen to globes pallidus - increased inhibition from globus plaids to thal amus - decreased excitation from thalamus to cortex |
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Why does the mobile laser help Parkinson's patients walk? |
- cued movement (following the laser) uses a different pathway than decisive movement |
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What is MPTP? |
- a botched synthetic opiate (with heroine-like effects) destroys dopamine cells and produces Parkinson's overnight - patients respond to fetal dopaminergic transplants |
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How does the deep brain stimulation treatment for Parkinson's patients work? |
- wires are placed in the brain to bypass the subthalamic nucleus and globes pallidus steps |
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What are the basic symptoms of Alzheimer's? |
- progressive cognitive decline - memory loss - disorientation - confusion - emotion & behavior changes - social withdrawal - difficulty moving, walking, swallowing (late stage) |
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What is Diffusion Tensor Imaging? |
- used to track degeneration in the brain of Alzheimer's patients - tracks the structural degeneration (decrease of white matter) |
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Is it possible to identify Alzheimer's in a live brain? |
Yes, Hatashita, et al. (2014) developed imaging techniques that can identify plaques and tangles in a living brain |
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What are Beta Amyloid plaques? |
- seen in Alzheimer patient's brains - bad cuts of beta amyloid proteins - dissolved by fluid in the brain - when too many build up can no longer be dissolved - these protein "cuts" stick together, in large masses called plaques - plaques stick to other areas of the brain and cause problems |
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What are Neurofibrillary tangles? |
- seen in Alzheimer patient's brains - caused by problems with modified tau proteins - taus separate from the microtubules, causing them to fall apart - tau proteins bunch up into chunks and destroy the cell's transport system, causing it to shut down and eventually die |
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Study the last picture in the week 10 slides (if it helps) to understand how acetylcholine medications work to slow down the progression of Alzheimers |
Good luck everyone! We got this! |
