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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What phylum, along with hemichordates, used to be considered a part of the ChordateS?
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Echinoderm
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What are the 3 synapomorphes? Which one of the original 4 have been cut out? WHy?
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The 3 are postanal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and notocord. Pharyngeal slits is not synapomorhpe because it exists in hemichordates, which evolved earlier
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What are typical member of subphylum Urochordata?
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Tunicates!
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Why do we consider Tunicates chordates, if their body shows little diversity?
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Their larvae formed from internal fertilization is a little tadpole thingy that possess all the synapomorphes, as well as a tail/head region as well as pharyngeal slits
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What is a popular example of cephalochordates?
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Sea lancelets
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What is connected to the dorsal hollow nerve cord in the larvae?
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a brain
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what transforms the urochordate larvae into the adult form?
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the larvae uses its sucker mouth to attach to a hard substrate, then metamorphose into an adult
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What do cephalochordates use its tail and notocord for in terms of their habitat?
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The notocord enables them to dive into the sand, and their til wagging to bury themselves.
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are cephalochordates related to cephalopods?
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no, ceph just mean heads
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what structures do hemichordates have on their digestive tract that parallels pharyngeal slits?
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gill pores
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What is different about hemichordates' nerve cord as opposed to other chordates?
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it is not hollow - it's simply a dorsal nerve cord
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How is the hemichordate's feeding style like the holothurians'?
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They feed with tentacles and arms
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What added trait comes into evolution right between cephalochodrata and vertebrata?
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the vertebrae, postanal tail, and neural crest cells
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What was the original function of the pharyngeal slits?
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Feeding, not respiration
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What three trends describes early Chordate and Vertebrate evolution? Why are they significant?
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1) Increased cephalization
2) increased activity levels - activity raises and maintains high body temp, links to high metabolic rate 3) Increased tendency toward predatory life style - evolved jaws |
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What surrounds the hard notochord structure?
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a fibrous and elastic sheath
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What structures do lampreys possess that contributes to their parasitic life style?
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a ring sucker mouth and rasping tongue (not a radula). It has no bones nor jaws
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What are the 6 components of the vertebrate body plan?
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1) notochord
2) dorsal hollow nerve, brain, eyes 3) paired kidneys 4) pharyngeal slits 5) heart, aortic arches, dorsal aorta 6) segmented body organization |
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What early vertebrate is a scavenger on dead animal carcasses?
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hagfishes, who are similar to lamprey except they have no sucker mouth nor bones nor a jaw.
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What number of living species of vertebrates are within the Ray-finned fish group? Which group has the least?
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25,000. The least is Coelacanth, which only have 2
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What is the second most prominent group (in number of living species) in vertebrates?
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Tetrapoda
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What are some modifications of the basic chordate body plan observed in vertebrata?
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A vertebrae that encases the notochord, made of calcifed spicules. Their muscles are arranged in segments, with a dorsal aorta running down the body, divided into one per segment
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How is blood processed for oxygen in fishes with gills? What about those who don't?
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For those with gills, the blood leaves the heart, goes to the gills through aortic arches to process Oxygen, then passed down to the abdomen
For those without gills: blood leaves the heart and goes through arches, then straight to the dorsal aorta to the abdomen |
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What are two of the first vertebrate traits that evolve with lampreys and cartilaginous fishes?
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2 or 3 semicircular canals and jaws
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What do semicircular canals define in humans?
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our ear
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If a human ear is pierced, in what order will the structures within be penetrated?
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Ear --> middle ear cavity --> inner ear, which holds the semicircular canals
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what are primitive versions of semicircular canals seen in other metazoans?
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statocysts
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Instead of jaws, what do vertebrates like lampreys possess? How do these evolve into jaws?
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They have visceral arches that surround the pharyngeal slits. Jawed vertebrates settle on 7 v-arches, and the first pair is modified into the top and bottom jaws
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What happen to vertebrate fishes' visceral arches as they evolve toward tetrapods?
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the arches are lost
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What unique structure do ray-finned fishes evolve? Why?
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a swimbladder, which is a buoyancy compensation device for the added weight from its evolved bones
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Which cavity is the swimbladder pressed up against in ray finned fishes?
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the dorsal cavity
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When blood is processed through the gills of fishes, where does the gas secrete into? How does this happen?
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it secretes into the bladder, as it is not connected to the outside world. When blood gets near the bladder walls, capillary action pulls the gases into the bladder
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Where do special invaginations exist in the fish for increased respiration efficiency?
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Inside the lung
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What do lungs and gills do when a fish possesses both?
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They exchange gases
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What are dermal fin rays homologenized with in tetrapods?
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they are homologenized with fingers
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What are the three major examples of cartilaginous fishes?
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Sharks, rays, and Chimaeras (the ratfish)
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What is the disc on a ray used for?
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it's a highly modified pectoral fin
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What are rays' modified muscle tissues capable of doing?
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concentrate impulses from muscles to nerve cells and fire them all at once to generate an electric shock
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What do cartilaginous fishes do with their well developed sensory systems?
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They can use it to listen for creatures underneath the sand when hunting for food. Unfortunately, heart muscles for most creatures are picked up because it never stops beating
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What are the special structures on Chimera fishes showng their sexual dimophism?. How do you distinct between sexes for chimera fish?
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Claspers, a little stalk with 3 teeth on it. Males have especially large ones, as well as someo on their head.
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What are some diversifications observed in ray-finned fishes?
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pectoral fins, thorny scales (quillfish), camouflage
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What are exoskeletons used for in rayfinned fishes?
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Not primarily for defense, but for keeping in an upright direction
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Why are some of the world's biggest fishes cartilaginous?
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Because bones , although strong,are heavy and require big air bladders for compensation
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Why do fishes feed by suction instead of extending their tongue or lunging for it?
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Only by sucking in water do fish not blow away the prey with the generate current
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What do the 40 different skull joints enable fishes to do in terms of feeding?
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protruding tube out of its head, rotate or extend a part of their face to eat the fish
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What is the skull character in amphibians?
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double occipital condyles, with pedicellate teeth
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Are amphibians a monophyletic group?
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yes
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What are key characteristics that identify amphibians?
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quadrapedal, but lacking epidermal structures such as hair, feathers, scales. They often have a complex life cycle with different body forms
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How do amphibians reproduce?
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most are sexual, a few are parthenogenetic
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Through what structures do amphibians breathe through?
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they breathe through their skin
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What type of feeders are amphibians?
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They are carnivores!
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What tells you that amphibians require a moist habitat?
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amphibians have skin that is smooth, porous, and faces distress if dry conditions arise. Their eggs are not dessication resistant, also implying the need for a moist environment as well.
Lastly, they have stout limbs that imply evolution from an aquatic environment and for aquatic locomotion |
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What are the details of Amphibians' biphasic life cycles?
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larvae grow up in an aquatic environment and then lead an terrestrial adult life cycle.
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What deviations can amphibian life cycles undergo?
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Paedomorphosis - like salamanders, where the entire life cycle takes place aquatically.
Direct development - occurs in area with little water, so eliminating the aquatic stage in life cycle |
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what happens to amphibians that undergo the paedomorphic deviation in their life cycle?
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They reatin their larval morphology as adults
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What is a disadvantage to amphibians having porous skin and being ectothermic?
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water escapes very easily, leading to dessication. Being ectothermic means they are cold blooded and cannot control their body temp or water loss
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How do amphibians cut down on their water loss, both behaviorally and physically?
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Behaviorally, they avoid hot, dry places. They become active at night and during rain, while living in moist microhabitats and burrows of cool temperature.
Physically, they store water in their urinary bladder, which somtimes makes up 50% of their entire body weight |
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What are the three living groups of amphibians? Name some examples?
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Caudata - salamanders, newts
Anura - frogs and taods gymnophionia - caecilians |
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Which amphibian has a general body plan, is small and secretive, and has the unique long tail?
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410 species of Caudata, with its salamanders and newts. They are restricted ot North Temperatue regions
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what kind of feeders are caudata? How do they reproduce?
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they are always carnivores. They reproduce sexually with spermatophores. They lay the sperm packet down, and guides female to sit on it for successful fertilization
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What is an advantage of the oversized skin on a giant chinese salamander?
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bigger surface area for absorption of gases in water
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What is unique about the terrestrial Plethodontid salamander reproductive wise?
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They do not lay their eggs in the water like most salamanders do
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Which is the largest group within the Amphibians? How do they feed?
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The Anura, with frogs and toads, with 3500 species. They are herbivores as larvae, and carnivores as post-metamorphs
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What does being tail-less enable frogs and toads to do?
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Enables them to be jumping tetrapods
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What extremely potent toxin is found in pufferfish as well as many salamanders and amphibians?
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Tetrodotoxin, a neurotoxin that shuts down your nervous system by incapacitating its sodium channels
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Where is the tetrodotoxin stored primarily in puffer fish?
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its liver
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What are the various parental techinques of the Anura amphibians?
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laying eggs in water, carrying fertilized eggs to their own back
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Why have many frogs become endangered worldwide?
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their thin, porous skins are easily exposed to a lot of nasty chemicals and insecticides
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Why do poisonous frogs not jump in an enemy's presence?
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Their poison on their bodies protect them, some of which are contact poisons
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which frog have developed sticky webbed feet? Which frog eats almost every animal it sees? XD
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costa rican tree frog have sticky feet. Bull frogs eat animals they see
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What does it imply when frogs carry their larvae on their back?
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It means there have been very few larve that have been laid or hatched, so they are preserving that small number
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Which is the smallest group of the amphibians? What are their unique characteristics?
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The gymnophiona, containing caecilians. They are limbless, burrowers and found in Tropics. This group contains live bearers, egg layers, and direct developers in terms of life cycles
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How do gymnophiona reproduce? how do they feed?
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They reproduce with internal fertilization and a penis. They are exclusive carnivores
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What is the group that Amphibians are sister species to?
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Amniota, a monophyletic group of tetrapods who bear amniotic eggs
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Describe the amniotic egg
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there is an envelope around the egg that enables even underwater development. It can either be a leathery or calcareous exterior, which allow eggs to respire from within
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What are the three major layers of the amniotic egg? What is the 4th major component?
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The Amnion, the Allantois, and the Chorion (from most inside to the most outside). the 4th major component is the yolk sack, which contains energy and nutrients for the egg
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What type of fishes include the Barracuda, the priahna, or the Triggerfish?
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the ray-finned fishes
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What is particle image velocimetry? What is it for?
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bouncing a laser off of a mirror into a fish tank, which is used to film the fish eating. It is for studying the fluid motion during fish feeding
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How do ray-finned fishes' mouths help them feed? How powerful is this suction flow?
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The expansion of their mouth and head causes water to rush into the mouth. The flow is limited to one mouth diameter away from their mouth. This suction flow can be have a velocity up to 5m/s, over 100kPA
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What fishes were thought to be extinct, but were found again in Indonesia in 1997? What was the species called?
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The coelocanth, called the Sulawest Population
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what is interesting about the fins of a coelocanth?
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It has a unique fin skeleton. it not only has dorsal fins, but it has fins on its abdomen as well, giving it an extra pair than most fishes. It
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Which type of fish is sister group to tetrapods? What are their special traits?
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The lungfish, which exhibit unique skull bone pattern
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What are the skull and teeth character in the Amphibian group?
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Skull with two occipital Condyles, and pedicellate teeth
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What are the major groups on the tetrapod phylogeny? What are their subgroups and higher order groups?
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Tetrapods consist of reptilia and amphibia. Lizards are a subgroup of reptilia, while it is completely encompassed by Amniota.
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What are the three big animal groups in Amphibia?
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Salamanders, Frogs, and Caecilians
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What are are the groups within class Reptilia?
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mammals, turtles, birds, dinosaur I and II, Crocodilia, and Lizards
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Which groups of Amphibia and Reptilia are within the Amniota group? Are they mono, para, or poly phyletic?
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All of Reptilia. They are monophyletic
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What is the difference between a synapsid, anapsid, and diaspid skull?
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Synapsid = two openings: the orbit and the lateral temporal opening
Anapsid = only orbit Diaspid = lateral temporal opening, dorsal, and orbit opening |
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What group do the synapsida and the diaspida belong to? What are he groups within these two?
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They belong under Amniota. Within Diaspida there is Lepidosauria, testudies, and archosauria. Within Lepidosauria there is squamata and the tuataras
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What are the three features concerned with transforming from the zygote to a full terrestrial lifestyle?
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1) the amniote egg
2) epidermal structures 3) internal fertilization with an intromission organ |
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What parts make the amniote egg impervious to water?
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the shell and membranes
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Is the reptilian skin structures derived from the epidermis or the dermis? What are they modified into in avian and mammalian amniotes?
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They are derived from the epidermis. They are modified into feathers in avian amniotes, and hair in mammals
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If you have a shelled egg or do live-bearing, you must have what kind of fertilization?
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internal
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Does internal fertilization require an intromission organ? What is the difference without one?
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It does not. Without it, fertilization is much more ineffcient and inaccurate
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Do all amniotes have intromission organs?
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Yes
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What must be true to make class Reptilia monophyletic?
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it must include birds
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how many living species are there in reptiles?
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around 16,000, with 9000 being birds
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What are reptiles' key characteristics?
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Tough dry skin, strong jaws with well developed joint, complex and efficient circulatory system
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Which class contains two major radiations of animals capable of powered flight? What are these two?
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Reptilia. They contain both birds and pterasaurs.
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Which class contains the largest group of venomous animals and the largest land animals that are extinct?
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Reptilia
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Are all reptiles endothermic? Which is which?
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No, they have an endo and an ectothermic lineage. Endo is warm blooded, while ecto is cold blooded
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What are the three kinds of reproduction reptiles can undergo?
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Live bear, lay eggs, or carry the egg until it hatches inside mother
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What habitats do reptiles live in?
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They live everywhere - marine, freshwater, terrestrial, extreme deserts, and arboreal habitats
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What are the major groups of living reptiles? What are their skull structures like? Name examples
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Squamata = snakes and lizards (diapsids)
Testudine - turtles, tortoises (anapsids) Crocodila - crocodiles and alligators (diapsids) Aves - birds (diapsids) |
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about how many living species of testudines are there?
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about 250.
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What is the unique vertebrate condition exhibited by testudines?
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the shell. It consists of a ribcage external to shoulder girdle, which is fused to the outer layer, leading to no external skin on the shell
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What is sex determination dependent on for testudines? What determines a boy or girl?
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They are temperature dependent sex determination. Warm is female, males are cool
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What group of reptilia form the biggest considervation problem on earth currently?
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Testudines - overexploitation by humans
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Where do all testudines lay their eggs?
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on land
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How many sea turtles species are there? Which limbs do they used to control what function in locomotion
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4 species. They use forelimbs for locomotion, hind for steering
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Which is the group of most successful reptiles?
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Squamata - snakes and lizards
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Are snakes monophyletic? What are they close to phylogenetically?
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Yes. They are close to lizards
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Where is the only place Squamates don't exist? Where are they most diverse in California?
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Antaractica. They are most diverse in the southern deserts.
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What is special about a squamate skull?
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It is very kinetic and flexible, allowing it to eat large prey or swallow it whole, eating prey up to 50 or 150% of their body mass, so snakes only have to eat 5-10 times per year or less.
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What chemosensory do lizards use?
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lizards respond to bright colors for communication, as well as use their tongue to sense chemicals in the environment
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What is the largest lizard in the world? What is special about its saliva?
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The komodo dragon! Its saliva is poisonous when it bites
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Which lizard incorporate van der waals forces with its toe pads?
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Geckos
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How many species of Crocodilia are there?
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about 21
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Why can you argue, phylogenetically, that dinosaurs aren't extinct?
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Because there are birds - living dinosaurs!
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What are the four groups within Dinosauria?
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Ornithischia, Sauropods, Theropods, and Birds
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What groups make up Archosauria?
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Birds, Dinosaurs I and II, and Crocodilia
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For crocodillians' temperature dependent sex dtermination, what determines a boy and girl? Is this related phylogenetically to turtles?
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Boys are warm, girls are cool. They are individually evolved
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Why are crocodiles endangered?
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for their skin being hunted
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What are some of the complex maternal care exhibited in crocodiles? Which group also shares this?
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vocalizations, shared with birds, implying dinos had vocalizations too
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If a crocodile's prey gets bigger, what body structure of the crocodile may consequentially evolve?
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its jaws may become wider
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Are Pterosaurs? Which group do they share flying structures with?
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Pterosaurs are not dinosaurs. They are monophyletic, flying dinosaurs that similiarities in structure with a bird (like the wing)
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What creature's wings are the pterosaurs' like? Describe it
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They are like bats - skin membranes protruding out of their fingers and attached to legs
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What are the five groups of dinosaurs? Which of them belong in the Saurischia and Theropods?
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Ornithischia, Sauropods, Carnosaurs, Coeruleosaurs, and Birds. Sauropods belong in Saurichia and the rest in theropods
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What is the main difference between Saurischia and Ornithischia?
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Saurischia has extra joint growing from its leg - the Ischium, instead of just the Ilium and the Pubis
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What type of animals were Ornithischia? Where did they exist geographically?
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They were big, herding animals of North America
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What group of dinosaurs are the largest land vertebrates ever?
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The Sauropods
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What are some traits of carnosaurs?
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They have reduced forelimbs (allosaurus), but very musuclar hindlimbs
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What do they evolving trends of dinosaur groups head toward?
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Toward origin of birds
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Which group of dinosaurs contain birds?
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Coelurosaurs
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what traits do coelurosaurs share with birds?
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1) Elongate, mobile S-shaped neck
2) Skull and Neck joint by single occipital condyle 3) Interarsal (ankle) joint 4) Hollow, pneumatic Bones |
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What are 4 trends leading to orgin of birds?
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1) Elongation of forelimbs
2) Small body size 3) Predatory life style 4) Bipedlism |
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How many million years do fossil records indicate dinosaurs' origination? When did they die out?
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origination about 230 million years ago. Except birds, they all died out 65 millions years ago
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Which group of dinosaurs contain dinosaurs with fossil feathers?
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Theropods
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What is the bird with hair
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the albatross
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Did birds evolve from sauropods or theropods?
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Theropods
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What group of birds are modern birds contained within?
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Neognathous birds
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Why have flightless birds developed on the endopacific islands?
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Because when they colonized there, there were no predators, meaning they needed no flight or escape mechanism
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What is the oldest known bird? How long ago did it originate?
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The archaeopteryx, about 150 million years ago
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What are the traits of Class Aves?
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1) Feathers, powered flight
2) epidermal scales on legs 3) endothermic (elevated body temperature) 4) Four chambered heart 5) No urinary bladder 6) Amniotic egg with hard calcareous shell |
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What are the three parts of reptile epidermis?
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1) Osteoderm
2) Melanophores 3) Flexible Hinge |
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What are the two major ideas of feathers?
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1) they are epidermal
2) made of keratin |
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What are the traits of the archaeopteryx?
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It has bird traits: Feathers and wings
Unlike modern birds: Long tail, teeth |
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What is present in archaeopteryx, but not birds?
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1) long tail
2) teeth 3) Three fingers 4) no keel |
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Do birds generate thrust when the flap up or down? What muscle correspond to what direction?
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Both. They use pectoralis muscle when they flap down, and the supracoracoideus muscle when it flaps wings up
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What physics elements enable the bird wing to be designed for flight?
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The top of the wing is designed for high velocity, and thus lower pressure. Direct passage of wind under the wing generates higher pressure, thus lift
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What bone is the bird's muscle tendon wrapped around?
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The scapula
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What range of speeds can wintbeats of hummingbirds go to? Their heartrate?
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it can range from 20 to 70 beats per second. Its heartrate can go up to 1200 per minute
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What range of speeds can wintbeats of hummingbirds go to? Their heartrate?
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it can range from 20 to 70 beats per second. Its heartrate can go up to 1200 per minute
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What range of speeds can wintbeats of hummingbirds go to? Their heartrate?
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it can range from 20 to 70 beats per second. Its heartrate can go up to 1200 per minute
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What are some types of beaks/bills for birds?
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Long bills for probing and drilling, short beaks for cracking seeds or tearing meat
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What are some types of beaks/bills for birds?
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Long bills for probing and drilling, short beaks for cracking seeds or tearing meat
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What are the parts of a bird respiratory system?
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A lung, trachea, with a syrinx with anterior and posterior air sacs
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What are some types of beaks/bills for birds?
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Long bills for probing and drilling, short beaks for cracking seeds or tearing meat
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are birds anapsid, diaspid, or synapsid?
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They are diaspid
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What are the parts of a bird respiratory system?
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A lung, trachea, with a syrinx with anterior and posterior air sacs
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What are the parts of a bird respiratory system?
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A lung, trachea, with a syrinx with anterior and posterior air sacs
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are birds anapsid, diaspid, or synapsid?
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They are diaspid
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What are the major groups within class mammalia?
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marsupidals, monotremes, and eutheria
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are birds anapsid, diaspid, or synapsid?
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They are diaspid
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What group of animals within mammalia have placenta?
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the eutheria
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What are the major groups within class mammalia?
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marsupidals, monotremes, and eutheria
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What are the only two existing Monotremes? What are some of their traits?
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The Duck-billed Platypus and the Spiny Anteaer/Echidna. They lay eggs like reptiles and are endothermic (but not as high temp as placentals)
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What group of animals within mammalia have placenta?
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the eutheria
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What are some traits of the platypus?
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a leathery bill with electrosensory ability
poison gland in spur at base of the hind limb high aquatic, dwells in streams |
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What are the only two existing Monotremes? What are some of their traits?
|
The Duck-billed Platypus and the Spiny Anteaer/Echidna. They lay eggs like reptiles and are endothermic (but not as high temp as placentals)
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What are the major groups within class mammalia?
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marsupidals, monotremes, and eutheria
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What are unique about Marsupial Young?
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They are born very premature, and they crawl to live inside the mother's pouch while eating mammary gland secretions
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What group of animals within mammalia have placenta?
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the eutheria
|
|
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What are the only two existing Monotremes? What are some of their traits?
|
The Duck-billed Platypus and the Spiny Anteaer/Echidna. They lay eggs like reptiles and are endothermic (but not as high temp as placentals)
|
|
|
What are some traits of the platypus?
|
a leathery bill with electrosensory ability
poison gland in spur at base of the hind limb high aquatic, dwells in streams |
|
|
What are unique about Marsupial Young?
|
They are born very premature, and they crawl to live inside the mother's pouch while eating mammary gland secretions
|
|
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What are some traits of the platypus?
|
a leathery bill with electrosensory ability
poison gland in spur at base of the hind limb high aquatic, dwells in streams |
|
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What is a major innovation within the Eutheria?
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Placenta!
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What are unique about Marsupial Young?
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They are born very premature, and they crawl to live inside the mother's pouch while eating mammary gland secretions
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What is the most successful modern radiation of mammals?
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Eutherians
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What is a major innovation within the Eutheria?
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Placenta!
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Describe the placenta innovation
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1) internal fertilization
2) egg stays inside the female, develops amniotic egg with embryo 3) initmate, vascular relationships are formed between the uterus and the embryo 4) embryo develops while being surrounded by smooth muscle, which infinitely expand 5) Whole process is inside uterus, until live birth |
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What is the most successful modern radiation of mammals?
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Eutherians
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What is magical about the smooth muscle? Where else is it found in our bodies aside the uterus?
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It can infinitely expand or contract. It also lines our gut
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Describe the placenta innovation
|
1) internal fertilization
2) egg stays inside the female, develops amniotic egg with embryo 3) initmate, vascular relationships are formed between the uterus and the embryo 4) embryo develops while being surrounded by smooth muscle, which infinitely expand 5) Whole process is inside uterus, until live birth |
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What is a major innovation within the Eutheria?
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Placenta!
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What is the primary function for animal horns? What are they made of?
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sexual selection. They are made of very tightly packed hairs with a bony core
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How does the cat claw evolve? Which cat does not exhibit this?
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the cat claw is a nail that is curled in, then calcified.
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What is magical about the smooth muscle? Where else is it found in our bodies aside the uterus?
|
It can infinitely expand or contract. It also lines our gut
|
|
|
What is the most successful modern radiation of mammals?
|
Eutherians
|
|
|
Describe the placenta innovation
|
1) internal fertilization
2) egg stays inside the female, develops amniotic egg with embryo 3) initmate, vascular relationships are formed between the uterus and the embryo 4) embryo develops while being surrounded by smooth muscle, which infinitely expand 5) Whole process is inside uterus, until live birth |
|
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What is the primary function for animal horns? What are they made of?
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sexual selection. They are made of very tightly packed hairs with a bony core
|
|
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How does the cat claw evolve? Which cat does not exhibit this?
|
the cat claw is a nail that is curled in, then calcified.
|
|
|
What is magical about the smooth muscle? Where else is it found in our bodies aside the uterus?
|
It can infinitely expand or contract. It also lines our gut
|
|
|
What is the primary function for animal horns? What are they made of?
|
sexual selection. They are made of very tightly packed hairs with a bony core
|
|
|
How does the cat claw evolve? Which cat does not exhibit this?
|
the cat claw is a nail that is curled in, then calcified.
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