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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the relationship between chromosomes, DNA, and Genes? |
Genes are coded by DNA and found within chromosomes |
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Mutations that occur in somatic cells |
are likely deleterious if caused by chromosome loss |
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Codon |
Consist of three nucleotides. They can only specify one amino acid |
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Knock-out mutation |
Loss of protein function |
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If you wanted to radioactively label only one protein and not the nucleic acid, you would use |
Radioactive sulfure
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How do alpha and beta forms of glucose differ |
their ring structures differ in spatial orientation of the hydroxyl group carbon #1 |
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Proteins have more structural diversity than RNAs. Why? |
RNA is made up of 4 different monomers while proteins can be comprised of 20 different monomers |
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PH of a solution that has [OH^-] of 10mM (1X10^-2M) |
12 |
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Break disulfide bridges |
Cystine |
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Most important property of water? |
It is solvent |
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Hydrophilic |
Can interact with water (ions and polar molecules) |
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Adhesion |
Interaction between two different kinds of molecules |
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Chemical reactions are spontaneous when |
Delta G is less than zero (exergonic) |
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Nucleotide |
Consist of a carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group |
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Ribose |
Found in RNA (has oxygen) |
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Deoxyribose |
Found in DNA (lacks oxygen) |
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Central Dogma |
DNA->RNA->Protein |
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Polymerization |
5 prime to 3 prime |
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Electronegativity (attracts more electrons) |
O>N>C=H |
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The structural polysaccharides of bacterial cell walls are similar to structural polysaccharides of plant cell walls in that they |
Contain beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages |
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What feature of the monomers used to make nucleic acid polymers provides the energy needed for polymerization |
Phosphate groups |
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Peptide bond |
amino acids polymerize when a C-N bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. |
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In eukaryotes, translation occurs in |
the cytoplasm |
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If you wanted to radioactively label the nucleic acids and not the proteins, you would use |
Radioactive phosphorus |
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Defense is not part of |
RNA function |
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Aldose |
carbonyl group on top |
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Ketose |
Carbonyl group in the middle |
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If an enzyme is under allosteric inhibition, increasing the concentration substrate will |
have no effect on the amount of substrate bound to the active site |
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Order of intermolecular forces |
covalent>ionic>Hydrogen>Van der waals |
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how does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity and permeability |
help pack membrane lipids together, decreasing the permeability and fluidity |
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what process moves glucose into intestinal cells |
facilitated diffusion |
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Unsaturated |
liquid * Longer chains=Less fluid *Less double bonds=less fluid |
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The kinetochore complex contains |
dynesin motor proteins that walk towards the minus end of microtubules to pull sister chromatids apart during anaphase |
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The enzyme DNA ligase if require continuously during DNA replication because |
Fragments of the lagging strand must be joined together |
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Hypotonic |
Swell |
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Hypertonic |
Shrink |
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Catabolism |
Use of energy |
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Anabolism |
Storage of energy |
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what step in cellular respiration doesn't need what oxygen in an anaerobic state |
Glycolysis |
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Electrons in an excited state are more likely to |
participate in redox reaction than ground electrons |
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The basic function of fermentation |
the regeneration of NAD^+ for glycolysis |
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Where does the Calvin cycle take place |
stroma |
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Shorter wavelength |
higher energy |
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Calvin cycle start with |
the enzyme rubisco which catalyses the addition of CO2 to a 5 carbon compound |
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2nd step of calvin cycle |
3-phosphoglyceride molecules are phosphorylated by ATP and reduced to NADPH to produce G3P |
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last step of Calvin cycle |
regeneration (G3P not used is recycled) |
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Missense |
change in nucleotide sequence that changes amino acid |
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Nonsense |
Change in nucleotide sequence that results in early stop codon |
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Frameshift |
Addition or deletion of a nucleotide |
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Topoisomerase |
Phosphate backbone to relieve torque |
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SSBPS |
Prevents strands from snapping back into double helix |
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Helicase |
Breaks hydrogen bonds between N bases |
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Primase |
synthesizes RNA primer |
