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347 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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all living things are based on ... and their ...
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atoms and interactions
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living things consist of ... of different element
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atoms
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a(n )... is the smallest basic unit of matter
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atom
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... is one type of atom
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element
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the nucleus has ... and ...
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protons and neutrons
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an atom has a(n) ... and ...
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a nuclues and electrons
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... are in energy levels ouside nucleus
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electrons
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... is positive
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proton
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.... is neutral
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neutron
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the number of ... moves up the number of electrons
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protons
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a compound os made up of ...of different elements bonded together
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atoms
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water carbon dioxide
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... form when atoms gain or lose electrons
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ions
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positive ion .... an electron
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loses
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negative ions ... an electron
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gains
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.... bonds form between opposively charged ions
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ionic
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a .... is a positively charged ion
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cation
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a ... is a negatively charged ion
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anion
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.... bonds ar bonds that share a pair of electrons
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convalent
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can there be multiple covalent bonds?
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yes
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what are the four state of matter
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solid, liquid, gas,plasma
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describe a solid ( list three)
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fixed structure, strong attraction vibrate within fixed structure
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describe liquid (list three)
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no fixed structure, takes the shape of its container, strong attraction
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describe gas( describe three)
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no fixed structure, expands to fill available space, weak attraction
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describe plasma
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ionized gas in which the electrons has been strippee away from the nucleus
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... unique properties allows life to exist on Earth
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water's
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life depend on... in water
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hydrogen bond
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water is a .... molecule
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polar
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polar molecules have slightly ... regions
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charged
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non polar molecule do not have ... regions
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charged
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hyrogen bond form between slightly... hydrogen atoms and, slightly ... oxygen atoms
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positive and negative
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hydrogen atoms are responsible for three important properties of water
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high specific heat，cohesion, and adhesion
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a solution is formee when one substance dissolves in ...
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another
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a solution is a ... mixture
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homogenous
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....dissolve other substances
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solvent
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... dissolves in a solvent
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solutes
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...solvent dissolves ... solutes
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polar
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... solvents dissolves ... solutes
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nonpolar
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not polar
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polar substances and nonpolar substances generally remain ....
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seperate
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some compounds form .... or ....
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acid or base
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an acid release a .... ion when it dissolves in water
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hydrogen
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a base removes a... ion from a solution
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hydrogen
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ph less than .... is acid
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7
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a base has a low .... concentration
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low h+ concentration
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a base has a high .... concentration
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OH concentration
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ph greater than.... is a base
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7
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... atoms have unique bonding property
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carbon
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carbon forms... bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms
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covalent
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carbon based molecules have three general types of structure ( list three)
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straight chain, branched chain , ring
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many carbon based molecules are made of many smalll.... bonded together
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subunits
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.... are individual subunits
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monomers
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.... are made of many monomers
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polymers
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two monomer = ...
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dimer
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three monomer= ...
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trimer
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carbohydrates are made up of .... (list three)
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carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen
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carbohydrate are commonly called... or ....
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sugar and starches
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suffix for carbohydrates is...
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OSE
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.... are simple sugars like glucose and fructose
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monosacharide
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.... has two units of sugar bonded together like sucrose
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disaccharide
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.... has three or more units of sugar bonded together like starches
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polysaccharide
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.... results in the making of complex carbohydrates from two or more monosaccharide
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dehyration synthesis
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glucose+glucose
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maltose
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glucose +fructose
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sucrose
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glucose +galactose
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lactose
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.... occurs when polysaccharide spilt to form monosaccharide
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hydrolysis
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.... is the reverse of dehyration synthesis
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hydrolysis
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carbohydrates can be broken down to provide.... for cells
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energy
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some carbohydrates are part of ....
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cell structure
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.... are nonpolar molecules made of carbon hydrogen, and oxygen
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lipids
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lipids include(list three)
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fats oils and cholesterol
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many lipids contain carbon chains called....
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fatty acids
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fats and oila contain fatty acids bonded to ....
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glycerol
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lipids are made of .... or .... fatty acids and glycerol
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two or three
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.... make up the cell' membrane
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phospholipid
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adipose cells are ....
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fat cells
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lipids have several different functions(list three)
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broken down as a source of energy, make up cell membrane, used to make hormones
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lipid has a ... head and a .... tail
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polar and non polar
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there are two of fatty acids(list two)
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saturated fatty acids and un saturated fatty acids
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acid has ... concentration
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high h+ concentration
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.... is three or more units of sugar bonded together like starches
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polysacharide
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.... results in the making of complex polysacharide from two or three monosacharide
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dehydration sythesis
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glucose +glucose
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maltose
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glucose +fructose
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sucrose
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glucose +galactose
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lactose
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....occurs when polysacharide split to form monosacharide
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hydrolysis
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reverse of dehydration syhthesis
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hydrolysis
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.....can be broken down to provide energy for cells
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carbohydrates
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some carbohydrate are part of ....
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cell structure
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..... are nonpolar molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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lipids
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lipids include (list three)
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fats,oils,cholesterol
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lipids contain carbon chains called....
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fatty acids
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fats and oils contain .... and ....
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fatty acids, and glycerol
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there are two different types of fatty acids
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saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
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another type of lipid
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cholesterol
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not saturated and unsaturated fat
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proteins are polymers of.... monomer
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amino acid
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.... different animo acids are used to build proteins in organisms
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twenty
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proteins are made of ....
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hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen
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proteins are used in
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skin hair feathers
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protein produce ... they also pump molecules in and out of .... cells and enzymes
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motion
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animo acids differ in.... groups
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R groups
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animo acids are linked by .... bond
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peptide
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proteins differ in the... and... of animo acids
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number and order
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animo acids interact to give proteins its...
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shape
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.... animo acids change a proteins'structure and function
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incorrect
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.... are polymers of monomers called nucleotides
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nucleic acid
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nucleotides are made up of .......
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a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen group
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dna stores... information
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genetic
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.... provide instruction for the ribosome to build protein |
rna
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bonds break and form during ....
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chemical reaction
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.... are changed during a chemical reaction
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reactant
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.... are made by a chemical reaction
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product
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.... is the amount of energy that breaks a bond
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bond energy
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a reaction is at..... when reactants and products form at the same rate
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equilibrium
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..... is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction
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activation energy
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.... reactions release more energy than they absorb
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exothermic
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during an exothermic reaction reactants have .... bond energies than product
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higher
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lower or higher
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what reaction release extra energy by the reaction
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exothermic
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.... reactions absorb more energy than they release
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endothermic
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reactants have... energy than product
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lower
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higher or lower
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in an endothermic reaction energy is ... by the reaction to make up the difference
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absorb
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absorbed or released
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any process that cause a chemical change is called a ......
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chemical reaction
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.... is the substance that exist before the change
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reactant
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the new substance after thw chemical reaction is ....
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the product
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chemical energy that release energy will occur....
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spontaneously
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chemical reactions that require energy will not occur without....
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an energy source
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synthesis reaction (list one example)
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A+B=AB
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decomposition (list one examples )
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AB~A+B
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what is combustion reaction?
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a compound and oxygen burn
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.... are catalyst for chemical reactions
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enzymes
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catalyst are substances that .... chemical reactions
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speee up
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slow down or speed up
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catalyst decrease what?
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activation energy
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catalyst increase what?
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reaction rate
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enzymes are catalyst in....
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living things
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Most enzymes are
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proteins
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carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid, or lipid
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.... are needed for almost all processes
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enzymes
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disruption in ....can prevent enzymes from functioning
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homeostasis
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balance
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enzyme function best in a....
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small range of condition
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change in ... and .... can break hydrogen bonds
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temperature and PH
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an enzymes function depend on ....
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structure
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an enzyme structure allows only certain ... to bind to the enzyme
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reactant
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... bind to an enzyme at certain places called ....
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substrates, active site
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the ..... helps illustrate how enzymes function
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lock and key model
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enzymes are special ...
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proteim
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the answer ia one of the four carbon based molecules
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enzymes .... almost every reaction in the body
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catalyze
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enzymes speed up reaction by as much as ...
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10^10
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enymes don't get used up in a .....
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chemical reaction
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.... are the most basic unit of life
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cells
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cell theory has three principles
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all organsims are made out of cells
all existing cell are produce by other cells cell is the most basic unit of life |
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all cells are enclosed by a ...
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membrane
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all cells are ....
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mircoscopic
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all cells are filled with ....
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cytoplasm
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... cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
eukaryotic
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.... cells do not have a nucleus and memebrane bound organelles
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prokaryote
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bacteria are ....
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prokaryotes
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list the functions of the cytoskeleton
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supports and shapes cells
helps position and transport organelles provides strength assist in cell division aid in cell movement |
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what is the cytoplasm
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comprised of everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus( even organelles
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what is cytosol
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the fluid of the cytoplasm that is not contained in organelles
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functions of the nucleus
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stores genetic information
Contains Dna that codes for protein(aka chromatin) |
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what are the two parts of the endoplastmic reticulum
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rough and smooth Endoplastic reticulum
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how do the two parts of the ER differ
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the rough ER is covered in ribosome and the smooth ER is not covered in ribosome
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what is the function of the rough ER?
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assist with folding and packaging protein
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what is the function of ribosomes
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build protein by linking amino acids together
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what is a vesticle
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membrane bound sacs that contain different material
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what is the function of vesticles
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help transfer proteins throughout the cell
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function of mitochondria
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location of chemical reactions tha provide the cell with useaboe energy
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what are vacuoles
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fluid filled sacs that contain materials
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what are the function of lysomes
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contain enzyme to digest material
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what are centrosome and what are their function
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composed of two centrioles
help divide dna centrioles form cilia and flagella |
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function of cell wall
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provides rigid support
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function of chloroplast
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convert solar energy to chemical energy
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the cell membrane is the ... between the inside and outside of a cell
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boundry
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the cell membrane controls ...
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passage of materials
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the cell membrane is composed of a ....
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phospholipid bilayer
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outer molecules ... in the membrane
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embedded
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the cell membrane as the .... model
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fluid mosaic
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the cell membrane is .....
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semi permeable
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what does semi permeable mean?
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means that some molecules get through ，others don't
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what happens in signalong across a membrane
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receptors bind with ligand
receptor goes through a conformational change |
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what does conformational change means
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changes shape
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what are the two types of receptors
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intracellular receptor and membrane receptor
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how do things enter and leave the cell ( two answers
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passive transport and active transport
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does passive transport require energy?
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no
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does active transport require energy?
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yes
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list the two type of passive transport
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diffusion and osmosis
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what is diffusion
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moleculew move down a concentration gradient (high to low)
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what is osmosis
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diffusion of water
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what are the three types of solutions
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isotonic, hypertonic,hypotonic
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what is isotonic solution
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same concentration of solutes inside and outside of cell
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what is hypertonic solution
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concentration of solutes are higher outside of cell
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what is hypotonic solution
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concentration of solutes are lower outside of cell
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what is facilitated diffusion?
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some molecules require a transport protein to diffuse across a membrane due to size or polarity
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describe active transport
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moves materials against a concentration gradient (low to high)
uses transport protein pumps requires energy |
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why use active transport
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to maintain homeostasis in cells
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list the two processes of active transport that require both energy and vesticles
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endocytosis and exocytosis
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what is endocytosis
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taking material into the cell
(aka phagocytosis |
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what is exocytosis
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expelling materials out of cell
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.... stored in the chemical bonds of molecules of food
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chemical energy
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chemical is broken down and converted to ...
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Atp
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Atp stands for
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adenosine triphosphate
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energy is released when a .... is removed
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phosphate group
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.... is changed into Atp when a phosphate group is added
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Adp
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.... most commonly broken down to make ATP
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carbohydrates
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are carbohydrates stored into large amounts?
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no
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one gluscose are make up to ... ATP
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36
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Fat store the most...
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energy
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a triglycerde can make ... atp
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146
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.... are least likely to be broken down to make ATP
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proteins
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.... not usually needed for energy
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amino acid
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protien has the same amount of energy as a ....
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carbohydrate
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.... is using chemical energy to build carbon based molecules
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chemosynthesis
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chemosynthesis is similiar to ....
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photosynthesis
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uses .... instead of light energy
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chemical energy
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all organisms depend on ...
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producers
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producers make their own useable....
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chemical energy
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what are the two types of producers
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photosynthetic and chemosynthetic
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what are consumers
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they are organsims that get their energy by eating producers,or eating organisms that eat producers
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photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ....
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sugars
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the molecule respondsible for absorbing solar energy is ....
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chlorophyll
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what are chlorophyll
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green pigments
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where is chlorophyll found
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in the chloroplast
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they absorbs ... and ... wavelengths of light
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red and blue
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reflect ... wavelengths of light
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green
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what are the two types of chlorophyll called
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chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B
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what is a grana or a granum
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stacks of thylakoid
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what are thylakoid
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sac like structures where light dependent reactions occur
contain chlorophyll |
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what is the stroma
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dense fluid where light independent reactions occur
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where does light dependent reaction occur
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occur in the thylakoid
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in the light dependent reaction what is needed
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water and sunlight
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in the light dependent reaction what is released as a waste product
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oxygen
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...and .... are made to run the dark reactions
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ATP and NADPH
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what is another name for light independent reaction
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THE CALVIN CYCLE
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light independent uses....
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carbon dioxide and ATP and NADPH from light independent reaction
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what is the purpose of the light independent reaction
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to make sugar
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what is the equation for photosynthesis
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6CO2+6H2O~C6H12O6
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in photosynthesis ... is converted to chemical energy(ATP)
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solar energy
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energy is stored when... is made
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glucose
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what does the light independent reaction start with
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a five carbon Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
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the end product of the independent reaction is
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one glucose
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what is the equation for respiration?
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c6h12o6+6o2-6co2+6h2o
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what is respiration
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breaks down sugars and makes ATP
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is respiration an aerobic process
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yes
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what are the three processes of respiration
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glycolysis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain
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what is glycolysis
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splits glucose into two three carbon molecules
produces two ATP |
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is glycolysis an anaerobic process
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yes
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where does glycolysis takes place
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in the cytoplasm
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where does the krebs cycle takes place
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in the mitochondrial matrix
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what is the krebs cycle
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breaks down three carbon molecules from glycolysis
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what does it make
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a small of atp
transfera energy carrying molecules |
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what does the kreb cycle release
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carbon dioxide
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where does the electron transport chain takes place
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in the inner membrane
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in the electron transport chain what enters the process
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oxygen
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what is produces in the electron transport chain
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large amount of ATP
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what is released as a waste product in the electron transport chain
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water
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... is needed for cellular respiration
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glycolysis
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the products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when ... availiable
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oxygen
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... ATP molecules are used to split glucose
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two
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what are the products of glycolysis
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four atp molecules
two molecules of NADH two molecules of pyruvate |
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.... is the first main stage of cellular respiration
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Krebs Cycle
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.... is broken down before the Krebs cycle
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pyruvate
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|
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what enters the electron transport chain to power it
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high energy electrons
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the energy from the electrons in the electron transport chain is used to do what?
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to transport hydrogen across the inner membrane
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|
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hydrogen ions flow through a .. in the membrane
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channel
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the electron transport chain uses .... and ... to make ATP
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NADH and FADH2
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|
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the breakdown of one glucose molecules produces up to .... molecules of ATP
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38
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.... produces ATP
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ATP synthase
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.... picks up electron and hydrogen ions in the electron transport chain
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oxygen
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pyruvateia converted to what before the krebs cycle
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acteyl Coa
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what are the products of the krebs cycle when one glucose enters glycolysis
|
8 NADH,2 FADH2, 2ATP, 6O2 are produced
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hydrogen are used to pump what in the ATP synthase
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ATP
|
|
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.... allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailiable
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Fermentation
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fermentation is an ... process
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anaerobic
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fermentation occurs when ... is not availible for cellular respiration
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oxygen
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... is recycled to glycolysis
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NAD+
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lactic acid fermentation occurs in ... cells
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muscle
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glycolysis splits glucose into two ... molecules
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pyruvate
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.... and .... enter fermentation
|
pyruvate and NADH
|
|
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energy from... converts pyruvate into lactic acid
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NADH
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In fermentation NADH is changed back into ...
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NAD+
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.... fermentation is simliar to lactic acid fermentation
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alcoholic
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energy from NADH is uesd to split pyruvate into .... and .... in alcoholic fermentation
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alcohol and carbon dioxide
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fermentatio is used in...
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food production
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why do cells divide
|
reproduce
repair growth |
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before division DNA must ...
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condense
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loose DNA is called ....
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Chromatin
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condensed DNA is called ...
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chromosome
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how do chromosomes form
|
Dna wraps around histones,this continues to coil until condensed
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what is a chromatid
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a half of a duplicated chromosome
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sister chromatids are held together at the ...
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centromere
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whwt are the three stages of the cell cycle
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interphase
mitosis cytokinesis |
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.... is the longest phase in the cell cycle
|
interphase
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whwt happens in interphase
|
DNA uncoiled
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what happens in Gap1
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cell growth, organelles replicate
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what happens in synthesis
|
DNA is copied
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whwt happened in GAP2
|
additional growth
prepare for mitosis |
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what is mitosis
|
division of the nucleus
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|
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list the four stages of mitosis
|
prophase,metaphase,anaphase, telophase
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what does mitosis produce
|
two genectically identical daughter nuclei
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mitosis occurs in ... cells only
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somatic
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in cells .... increases faster than....area
|
volume, surface area
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... must allow for adequate exchange of materials in cells
|
surface area
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.... ia coordinated with division
|
cell growth
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cell that must be large have .... shapes
|
unique
|
|
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which is the longest phase in mitosis
|
prophase
|
|
|
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what happens in prophsse
|
chromosomes condense
nuclear membrane dissolves centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell spindle fibers form, attach to chromosomes |
|
|
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what happens in metaphase
|
chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
|
|
|
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what happens in anaphase
|
sister chromatids seperate,are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
|
|
|
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what happens in telophase
|
spindle fibers disintegrate
nuclear membrane form chromosomes begin to pull apart |
|
|
|
what happens in cytokinesis
|
cell pinches apart
|
|
|
|
what happebs in cytokinesis in plant cells
|
a cell plate forms( will become the cell wall
|
|
|
|
why do cells dvide at different rates
|
the rate of cell division varies with the needs of the cell
|
|
|
|
cell cycle ...is necessary for healthy growth
|
regulation
|
|
|
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... factors and .... factors regulate cell division
|
internal and external
|
|
|
|
.... factors are proteins thwt stimulate cell division
|
growth
|
|
|
|
most mammals form a ... layer in culture dush and stop dividing once they touch other cells
|
single
|
|
|
|
two of the most important internal factors are ... and....
|
kinases and cyclins
|
|
|
|
.... factors trigger ... factors ,which affect the cell cycle
|
external internal
|
|
|
|
.... is programmed cell death
|
apoptosis
|
|
|
|
is apoptosis a normal feature of healthy organisms
|
yes
|
|
|
|
what is apoptosis caused by?
|
caused by a cell's production of self-destructive enzymes
|
|
|
|
apoptosis occurs in the development of ....
|
infants
|
|
|
|
cell division is uncontrolled in ....
|
cancer
|
|
|
|
cancer cells form disorganized clumps called ....
|
tumors
|
|
|
|
.... tumors remain clustered and can be removed
|
benign
|
|
|
|
malignant tumor ...., or break away, and can be form more tumors
|
metastasize
|
|
|
|
cancer cell do not carry out necesssary....
|
functions
|
|
|
|
cnacer cells come from normal cells with damage to genes involved in ...
|
cell cycle regulation
|
|
|
|
... are substances that promote cancer
|
carcinogens
|
|
|
|
standard cancer typically kills both ... cell and ... cell
|
cancerous and healthy
|
|
|
|
where does binary fission occur
|
occur in prokaryotes
|
|
|
|
what is binary fission
|
functions like mitosis
produce two genetically idnetical daughter cells |
|
|
|
what is the reprodcution advantages of asexual reproduction
|
consistenly favorable conditions
|
|
|
|
what is the reproduction advantages of sexual reproduction
|
changing conditions
|
|
|
|
what is budding
|
organsims formed fron small projection fron parent
|
|
|
|
what is fragmentation
|
parent splits into pieces that each grows into an organism
|
|
|
|
what is vegatative reproduction
|
occurs in plants
modification of stem or underground structure of parent plant |
|
|
|
what is tissue
|
groups of cells that perform similar functions
|
|
|
|
what is organs
|
groups of tissue that perform a specific or related fuction
|
|
|
|
what is organ system
|
groups of organs that carry out similar functions
|
|
|
|
in cell ... cells develop into mature forms
|
differentiation
|
|
|
|
cells develop into mature forms due to different .... being expressed
|
genes
|
|
|
|
cell's location in ... determine mature form
|
embryo
|
|
|
|
describe stem cells
|
can divide to renew themselves
undifferentiated develop into many specialized cell types |
|
|
|
what are totipotent stem cells
|
stem cells that can grow into any cell type(including totipotent cells
|
|
|
|
what are pluripotent stem cells
|
growing into any cell types except totipotent cells
|
|
|
|
what are multipotent stem cell
|
growing into cells of a closely related cell family
|
|
|
|
adavantages and disadvantages of adult stem cells
|
hard to grow and isolate
use may prevent transplant rejection |
|
|
|
advantages and disadvantages of embryonic stem cells
|
use of ethical issues
pluripotent and can be grown indefinitely |
|
|
|
potential benefita of stem cells
|
treats leukemia and lymphoma
cure disease and replace organs revolutionize the drug development process |
|
