Bio Final

Front 1

3 differences between protosomes and deuterosomes

Back 1

Determinate Development: in protosomes each embryonic cell has a predetermined fate concerning what type of tissue it will become; in deutoerosomes any of the first few cells can develop into the organism

Fate of Blastopore: in protosomes the mouth develops from blastopore, in deuterosomes the anus develops.

Formation of the Coelom: In protosomes, the cells move away from one another as the coelomic cavity expands. In deuterosomes, whole groups of cells move around to form new tissue associations.

Front 2

3 hypotheses for the origin of metazoans from single-celled protists

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Multinucleate Hypothesis: suggests that metazoans arose from a multinuclear protist and the cells later became compartmentalized into the multi-cellular condition.

Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis: metazoans arose from colonial protists, hollow, spherical colonies of flagellated cells.

Polyphyletic Origin Hypothesis: proposes that sponges evolved in dependently from eumetazoans.

Front 3

2 ways that sponges reproduce

Back 3

Fragmentation: asexual reproduction where a new sponge grows from a fragment.

Sexual Reproduction: most sponges can produce eggs and sperm, and most are hermaphrodites (both male and female).

Front 4

Cnidaria examples

Back 4

Jelly fish, anemones, coral

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Cnidaria characteristics

Back 5

Nearly all are marine and have a gelatinous composition. They have distinct tissues but they still lack organs. They are carnivorous and tend to be sessile, capturing prey with tentacles that ring around their mouths.

Front 6

Ctenophora examples

Back 6

Comb Jellies

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Ctenophora characteristics

Back 7

Tend to be more structurally complex than cnidarians. They have plates of fused cilia that look like combs which are used for locomotion and can be bioluminescent.

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Platyhelmenthes examples

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Flatworms, tapeworms, planaria

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Platyhelmenthes characteristics

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Ribbon-shaped, soft bodied animals which are mostly parasitic but can be free living in marine and freshwater, and moist places on land.

Lack digestive systems or have an incomplete gut (has only one opening) where internal cells digest via phagocytosis).

Have an excretory system composed of fine tubules that run throughout the body lined with flame cells.

Some have nerve chords but most have a nerve net. Have eye spots which can distinguish between light and dark.

Most are hermaphroditic and self fertilize, some divide to create new offspring

Front 10

Nemertea examples

Back 10

Ribbon worms

Front 11

Nemertea characteristics

Back 11

Simplest animals that possess a digestive system with a separate mouth and anus. Have internal proboscis which can be forced out quickly to capture prey. Have a circulatory system.

Front 12

Nematoda examples

Back 12

Roundworms

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Nematoda characteristics

Back 13

Found in marine and freshwater and are parasitic on plants or animals. Some live in soil. Cause disease (trichinosis from eating undercooked pork, and filariasis which causes elephantitis).

Front 14

Rotifera examples

Back 14

Rotifers

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Rotifera characteristics

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Very small, complex bodies and highly developed internal organs. Aquatic animals that propell themselves with cilia.

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Cycliophora examples

Back 16

Cycliophora

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Cycliophora characteristics

Back 17

Small creatures with a circular mouth surrounded by a ring of fine, hairlike cilia that live on the mouth parts of lobsters

Front 18

Hydrozoa

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Portuguese Man-of-war, hydra

Front 19

scyphozoa

Back 19

Jellyfish

Front 20

Cubozoa

Back 20

Box Jellyfish

Front 21

Anthozoa

Back 21

Sea anemones, corals

Front 22

Turbellaria

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Planaria

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Tremotoda

Back 23

Flukes, liver fluke, schistosoma

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Cestoda

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Tapeworms

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Phylum Mollusca

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Snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, cuttlefish, octopuses.

They are bilaterally symmetrical. Have a Visceral mass (digestive, excretory and reproductive organs are centralized here), Foot or tentacles. Mantle secretes the shell, may act as a lung. Gills are rich in blood, increase area for gas exchange. Radula: rasping, tonguelike organ used for feeding.

Circulatory system is open, including a heart.

Reproductive: can be hermaphrodites but most are male and female. Most use external fertilization to reproduce releasing gametes into the water but gastropods have internal fertilization.

Front 26

Annelida

Back 26

Repeated segments: ringlike segments divided by septa allowing the worm to move in complex ways.

Specialized segments: anterior segments house the sensory organs, some are sensitive to light, some have a brain.

Connections: although the segments are separated materials and information can pass between them

Front 27

Arthropoda

Back 27

The most successful phylum of all animals. They can have enormous ecological and economic importance through pollination, crop damage, herbivores and causing disease. Have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, compound eye, open circulatory system. Nervous system: double chain of segmented ganglia. Respiratory system: carries oxygen to their tissues, breathe through spiracles. Excretory system: composed of Malphagian tubules allowing secretions to be eliminated.

Front 28

Echinodermata

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Deuterosome marine animals with "spiny skin." Endoskeleton composed of calcium rich plates called ossicles. Tube feet: part of the watervascular system (hydraulic system used for feeding and movement).

Madreporite: sievelike plate on the surface through which water enters the watervascular system.

Front 29

Polyplacophora

Back 29

Chitons

Front 30

Gastropoda

Back 30

Snails and slugs

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bivalvia

Back 31

Clams, scallops, mussels and oysters

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cephalopoda

Back 32

octopuses, squids and nautiluses

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Polychaeta

Back 33

scale worms, bristle worms, featherduster worms

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Oligochaeta

Back 34

Earthworm

Front 35

Hirudinea

Back 35

Leeches

Front 36

Crustacea

Back 36

crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfish

Front 37

Arachnida

Back 37

Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions

Front 38

Asteroidea

Back 38

sea stars (starfish)

Front 39

Ophiuroidea

Back 39

brittle stars

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Echinoidea

Back 40

sea urchins and sand dollars

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Crinoidea

Back 41

sea lilies and feather stars

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Holothuroidea

Back 42

Sea cucumbers

Front 43

Decapoda

Back 43

Shrimp, lobster, crabs

Front 44

Cirripedia

Back 44

Barnacles

Front 45

Difference between centipede and millipede

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Centipede has two legs per segment, millipede has four

Front 46

Nonvertebrate Chordates

Back 46

Have a notochord but no backbone:

Tunicates (subphylum Urochordata). No major body cavity or visible segmentation. Filter feeders. Larval stage is only stage that has notochord

Lancelets (subphylum Cephalochordata). Scaleless fishlike marine chordates with notochord running throughout the length of the dorsal nerve chord, which they have their entire lives.

Front 47

5 characteristics of vertebrates

Back 47

Vertebral column: notochord gets replaced by vertebral column that encloses and protects dorsal nerve chord.

Head: Vertebrates have a distinct head with a brain, fully encased in skull or cranium.

Neural crest: unique group of embryonic cells that contribute to the development of many vertebrate structures.

Internal organs: the liver, kidneys and endocrine glands are characteristic of vertebrates.

Endoskeleton: can be made of cartilage or bone

Front 48

5 characteristics of fish

Back 48

Vertebral column: internal skeleton with bony or cartilaginous spine and skull.

Jaws and paired appendages: except agnatha, all fish have jaws and paired fins

Gills: fish extract dissolved oxygen by directing water flow through their gills which are rich in blood vessels

Single loop circulation: blood is pumped from the heart to the tills where it goes to the rest of the body, then returns to heart.

Nutritional deficiencies: unable to synthesize the aromatic amino acids so they must get them from diet

Front 49

5 characteristics of amphibians

Back 49

Legs: key adaptation to living on land

Cutaneous Respiration: supplement the use of lungs by breathing through the moist skin

Lungs: most have a pair of lungs
Pulmonary Veins: after blood is pumped to the lungs, 2 large veins return the aerated blood to the heart for pumping to the body

Partially Divided Heart: amphibians have a wall dividing aerated and nonaerated blood but the 3rd chamber has no dividing walls.

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Chelonia

Back 50

Turtles and tortoises

Front 51

Squamata

Back 51

lizards and snakes

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Crocodilia

Back 52

Crocodiles and alligators

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Mammals

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bats, duck billed platypus, kangaroo, koala, primates

Front 54

Different physical shapes to deal with different environments

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Fusiform (tapered at both ends) to decrease drag on fast moving fish

Dermal denticles on sharks reduce drag.

Small size if they have an exoskeleton made of chitin, unless aquatic because of buoyancy.

Front 55

Hydrostatic skeleton

Back 55

Found in soft bodied invertebrates. Consists of a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscle fibers

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Exoskeleton

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Surround the body as a rigid, hard casing. Found in insects/crustaceans. Provides protection for internal organs and attachment sites for muscles

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Endoskeleton

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Found in vertebrates and echinoderms. Rigid internal skeletons to which muscles are attached

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Large animal Locomotion

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Tend to move by appendicular locomotion

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Aquatic locomotion

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Undulating, flapping, and changing shape through hydrostatic pressure

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Land animal locomotion

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walking, running, leaping, slithering, and peristaltic movement

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Flight as locomotion:

Back 61

Birds, insects, bats and pterosaurs use flight as locomotion

Front 62

4 variations that can exist in vertebrate digestive systems related to their diet

Back 62

Insectivores have a short intestine with no cecum.

Carnivores have a short intestine and colon, and small cecum.

Nonruminant Herbivores: simple stomach, large cecum.

Ruminant Herbivore: 4-chambered stomach with a long small and large intestine and pronounced rumen

Front 63

Functions of the vertebrate circulatory system

Transportation:

Back 63

All substances essential for cellular metabolism are transported by the circulatory system via Respiratory: red blood cells allow for attachment of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Nutritive: absorbed particles from digestion get transported to cells and other parts of the body

Excretory: metabolic wastes, excessive water ions and other substances are filtered and excreted through urine

Front 64

Functions of the vertebrate circulatory system

Regulation

Back 64

Cardiovascular system transports hormones and aids in temperature regulation

Front 65

Functions of the vertebrate circulatory system

Protection

Back 65

The circulatory system can protect against injury and foreign microbes or toxins introduced into the body

Front 66

Path of blood flow through the circulatory system

Back 66

Right atrium --> Right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta

Front 67

Respiration in fish

Back 67

Gills enable far more oxygen extraction from water. Gills of bony fishes: located between buccal cavity (mouth) and opercular cavity (beneath operculum). Water is brought into the mouth by lowering the jaw & floor of the mouth, then passed over the gills where gas exchange occurs.

Front 68

Respiration in Amphibians

Back 68

Fill their buccal cavity with air, close their nostrils and elevate the floor of the buccal cavity. This forces the air into the lungs. This is supplemented by cutaneous respiration.

Front 69

Respiration in Reptiles

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Expand their rib cages by muscular contraction which takes air into their lungs

Front 70

Respiration in Mammals

Back 70

Occurs by taking air into the mouth through the larynx to the trachea. It passes into bronchi which branch into bronchioles. Lungs are lined with alveoli (air filled sacs that have the surface area for gas exchange).

Front 71

Respiration in birds

Back 71

Occurs in a unidirectional flow through parabronchi, which occurs in two cycles. They have two sets of air sacs (anterior and posterior) which allows air to flow in and out without mixing.