Bio Final

Front 1

Nervous system made up of...

Back 1

neurons

Front 2

In a neuron, blank has all usual organelles like ribosomes

Back 2

cell body (soma)

Front 3

Blank and Blank are examples of processes (anything that sticks off of something else)

Back 3

axons and dendrites

Front 4

Blank carry impulses from one place to another

Back 4

neurons

Front 5

An impulse travels from blank to blank to blank

Back 5

dendrites to cell body to axon

Front 6

A neuron is blank when it's negatively charged when compared to the outside (70 mV more negative on inside..resting membrane potential)--> when a neuron is "resting"

Back 6

polarized

Front 7

How does the inside get more negative than the outside?

Back 7

Protein channels in neuron membranes allow molecules across down the concentration gradients in facilitated diffusion. Active transport is also available for use.

Front 8

The BLANK uses 1 ATP to move 3 sodium ions OUT and 2 potassium ions in.

Back 8

sodium-potassium pump

Front 9

Because of positive sodium ions being pumped out, and potassium ions leaking out, and because negative things get left behind (DNA/RNA/proteins), it's more BLANK on the outside

Back 9

positive

Front 10

There are BLANK and BLANK voltage-gated channels that open up when the membrane reaches a particular voltage.

Back 10

sodium and potassium

Front 11

BLANK is when sodium and potassium go in and out of cell with different gates and channels when cell potential is at a certain level

Back 11

action potential

Front 12

BLANK is when the membrane potential moves in a positive direction

Back 12

depolarization

Front 13

BLANK is whtn the membrane potential returns to its resting value

Back 13

repolarization

Front 14

BLANK is when the membrane is at rest (- on inside, + on out)

Back 14

polarized

Front 15

BLANK are electrical signals run by traveling action potential--> the sodium from pening of voltage-gated channels travels down inside of mambrane--> brings up to threshold, and opening of voltage-gated channels happens (membrane has action potential)

Back 15

impulse

Front 16

In fast impulses, blank are wrapped around the axon, also known as blank.

Back 16

schwann cells, myelin sheath

Front 17

BLANKS are spaces between Schwann cells

Back 17

nodes of Ranvier

Front 18

In BLANK, the impulse jumps from node to node (faster)

Back 18

saltatory conduction

Front 19

A BLANK is the short period of time when the doium/ potassium channels reset to resting potenial (that portion of the membrane is not able to fire a second action potential during this time)

Back 19

refractory period

Front 20

The BLANK is the point where an impulse gets transferred either neuron-to-neuron or neuron-to-organ

Back 20

synapse

Front 21

BLANK is the chemical that most synapses use

Back 21

neurotransmitter

Front 22

BLANK is the most common neurotransmitter

Back 22

acetylcholine

Front 23

BLANK are the organs that hold the neurotransmitters

Back 23

vesicles

Front 24

BLANK bind to the neurotransmitters

Back 24

receptors

Front 25

BLANK is the space between the end of axon and the dendrites

Back 25

synaptic cleft

Front 26

SYNAPSE

Back 26

The action potential reaches the terminal end of an axon, where the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and the neurotransmitter's released by exocytosis. It then diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptors on the dendrites.

Front 27

Some neurotransmitters cause a cell to be BLANK, to move away from the threshold, or BLANK, depolarize towards the threshold

Back 27

inhibited, stimulated

Front 28

More stiumulatory than inhibitory; more inhibitory than stimulatory

Back 28

action potential; summation (no action potential)

Front 29

BLANK is made up of the brian and spinal chord (decision center)

Back 29

central nervous sytem

Front 30

BLANK is made up of the neurons outside of the brian and spinal chord (where decisions are sent)

Back 30

peripheral nervous system

Front 31

There are more neurons in the BLANK then the BLANK

Back 31

central nervous system; peripheral nervous system

Front 32

The BLANK and BLANK neurons are in the PNS

Back 32

sensory and motor

Front 33

The BLANK neurons send signals to sensory organs, the BLANK neurons send signals to organs like muscles, glands, etc., and the BLANK neurons connect sensory/ motor neurons

Back 33

sensory, motor, interneurons

Front 34

The BLANK neurons are in the CNS

Back 34

interneurons

Front 35

The CNS is made up of 5 parts (name)

Back 35

spinal chord, cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus

Front 36

This part of the CNS is involved in the primitive, reflex actions

Back 36

spinal chord

Front 37

This part of the CNS is our concious mind. This is where voluntary actions occur, such as movement, speech, and problem solving. This is where we have conscious awareness of sensations, such as smells, sights, hot, and cold.

Back 37

cerebrum

Front 38

This part of the CNS coordinates muscle movement and balance, so that movement is smooth and coordinated.

Back 38

cerebellum

Front 39

This part of the CNS is where involuntary acts originate, like breathing and blood pressure regulation. This is a relatively primitive region.

Back 39

medulla

Front 40

This part of the CNS maintains body homeostasis-- a constant internal environment regardless of changing external conditions. It monitors things like hormone levels, electrolyte balances, temperature, etc.

Back 40

hypothalamus

Front 41

The 2 subdivisions of the PNS

Back 41

the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Front 42

The BLANK is the voluntary system (concious control over the organs that it controls). THe skeletal mucles are the only organs controlled and monitored by this system. It uses acetycholine as a transmitter (releases ACh onto the muscle to stimulate and binds to receptors on the muscle to depolarize and contract).

Back 42

somatic nervous system (ANS)

Front 43

THis part of the PNS is involuntary (no concious control)...heart, digestive organs, blood vessels, pancreas, etc. It can be divided into 2 divisions: BLANK and BLANK.

Back 43

Autonomic nervous system; sympathetic division, parasympathetic division

Front 44

This division is the "fight or flight" division, and helps the autonomic nervous system prepare your body for stress situations by increasing the rate and force of your heartbeat, increasing blood pressure, increasing breath rate, and diverting blood flow away from your digestive organs and toward skelatal muslces. The primary neurotransmitter used by this division is BLANK.

Back 44

sympathetic division; norepinephrine

Front 45

THis division is the "resting and digesting" system, and is most active when you rest. It decreases the rate and force of your heartbeat, decreases blood pressure, decreases breath rate, and diverts blood flow to the digestive organs and away from skelatal muscles. IT also stiumlates activity in the digestive system, like movement of food through the stomach and intestines and secretion of digestive enzymes. The primary neurotransmitter used by this division is BLANK, just like in the BLANK division.

Back 45

parasympathetic division, acetylcholine, somatic division.

Front 46

Is the endocrine system closer or faster than the nervous system?

Back 46

slower

Front 47

The endocrine system controls the body through the use of BLANK which are made of BLANK and secreted (released) into BLANK.

Back 47

hormones, ENDOCRINE GLANDS, BLOODSTREAM

Front 48

The organs that are affected by a particular hormone are referred to as that hormone's
BLANK.

Back 48

target organs

Front 49

Peptide hormones are made from BLANK and Sterid hormones are made from BLANK.

Back 49

amino acids; cholesterol

Front 50

Peptide hormones have receptors (indide or outside) the cell and steroids ahve receptors (inside or outside) the cell.

Back 50

outside, inside

Front 51

Peptide hormones cause their effects (more or less) rapidly than steroid hormones.

Back 51

more

Front 52

Insulin, prolactin, and glucagon are examples of BLANK hormones

Back 52

peptide

Front 53

Aldosterone, estrogen, and testoterone are examples of BLANK hormones

Back 53

steroid

Front 54

BLANK hormones cause their effects by turning existing enzymes in the cell on or off while BLANK hormones cause their effects by binding to DNA and changing which genes get transcribed.

Back 54

aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone

Front 55

The BLANK gland is the "master" endocrine organ.

Back 55

pituitary

Front 56

What two lobes is the pituitary gland made of?

Back 56

anterior and posterior

Front 57

The hormones GH (Growth Hormone), TSH (Thyroid Stiumlating Hormone), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), FSH (Follicle Stimulation Hormone), LH (Luteinizing Hormone), and prolactin are secreted by the BLANK gland

Back 57

anterior pituitary gland

Front 58

Oxytocin and ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) are secreted by the BLANK gland.

Back 58

posterior pituitary gland

Front 59

THis hormone targets all tissues and organs in the body and causes them to grow. It is especially important in childhood and adolescence, but in adults it can stimulate the rate at which older cells are replaced with newer cells (cell-turnover rate).

Back 59

Growth Hormone (GH)

Front 60

This hormone does exactly what its name implies. It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones.

Back 60

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Front 61

This hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland) to secrete its hormones.

Back 61

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 62

This hormone's target organs are the gonads (the male and female reproductive organs). In the female it stimulates the ovaries, causing development of a corpus luteum. In the male it stimulates the testes to make testosterone.

Back 62

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Front 63

This hormone is only released after childbirth. IT stimulates the mammary glands to make breast milk.

Back 63

Prolactin

Front 64

This hormone causes the uterus to contract during childbirth and also causes the mammary glands to release milk during breastfeeding.

Back 64

Oxytocin

Front 65

This hormone causes the kidneys to retain water. It is also known as vasopressin.

Back 65

Antidiuretic Hormone

Front 66

Where and how are the hormones releasted/ stored in the posterior pituitary gland created?

Back 66

In the hypothalamus by an action potential

Front 67

The BLANK gland is found on the anterior part of the neck, and secretes the BLANK and BLANK hormones. It increases the rate of metabolism in most body's cells.

Back 67

thyroid gland; thyroxine and calcitonin.

Front 68

The BLANK hormone uses iodine. An overproduction of it is called BLANK and when it's below the normal level it's called BLANK.

Back 68

thyroxine; hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism

Front 69

The BLANK hormone activates bone cells to take calcium from blood and make new bone--> the overall effect of this hormone reduces blood calcium

Back 69

calcitonin

Front 70

The BLANK gland is found in the back of the thyroid gland. It secretes the BLANK, which has an overall effect of increasing the calcium in blood. Calcium needs to be constant because BLANK.

Back 70

Parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone, needs to be constant for nerve impulse conduction, heart contraction, blood clotting, etc.

Front 71

The BLANK glands sit on top of the kidneys, and have two parts: BLANK and BLANK.

Back 71

adrenal, adrenal medulla (inner part), adrenal cortex (outter part)

Front 72

The adrenal medulla secrets BLANK and BLANK.

Back 72

epinephrine; nonrepinephrine

Front 73

The adrenal cortex secrets steroids from three different classes: BLANK, BLANK and BLANK.

Back 73

glucocorticoids (liver as target), mineralocorticoids (kedyes as target), and sex steroids (gonads as target).

Front 74

The BLANK secretes hormones and digestive enzymes.. specifically insulin and glucagon.

Back 74

The Pancreas

Front 75

BLANK AND BLANK are produced by special cells in the pancreas called Islets of Langerhans, or islet cells.

Back 75

Insulin and glucagon

Front 76

BLANK is secreted whenever blood glucose levels are high, like after a meal. It affects pretty much all the cells in the body; it allows them to take glucose out of the blood so they can use it in cellular respiration to produce energy. It also stiumlates the liver to store glucose as glycogen. Consequently, blood glucose levels go down.

Back 76

Insulin

Front 77

BLANK is released whenever blood glucose is low, like in between meals after you haven't eaten in a while. THe target organ for glucagon is the liver; it causes the liver to break down glycogen and to release free glucose into the blood (glycogenolysis). The liver is the only organ that stores glycogen for this purpose. Consequently, blood glucose levels go up. Note that this is different than the effect that cortisol has on the liver. Both cortisol and glucagon cause the liver to relase glucose, but cortisol stimulates the production of "new" glucose from fats and proteins (gluconeogenesis) while BLANK stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into free glucose (glycogenesis).

Back 77

glucagon

Front 78

The BLANK are the male (testis) and female primary sex organs (ovary).

Back 78

gonads

Front 79

The gonads produce sex steroids. The testes produce BLANK and BLANK, and the ovaries produce BLANK, BLANK and BLANK.

Back 79

sperm and androgens (testosterone); ova, estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone).