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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bio is organized into 3 levels
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cellular, organismal, and populational
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A generally accepted principle of body of knowledge that is based on substantial information and can often be used to explain a number of related observations is known as a
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theory
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all of the organisms on this campus make up
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a community
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theme that does not unite biology
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climate change
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atomic number
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number of electrons
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how many electrons would be in the outer shell of an element with an atomic number of 17
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7
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table salt is formed by
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ionic bonds
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when electrons are shared between atoms the resulting bond is reffered to as
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covalent
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the strength of bonds in order from weakest to strongest
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hydrogen, ionic, covalent
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what do PERIODS on the periodic table of elements indicate
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the number of energy shells in each atoms
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carbon can form
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4 covalent bonds
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the shape of a water molecule gives it slightly negative charge near the oxygen end and a slightly positive charge near the hydrogen end
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polar molecule
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NOT a major property of water
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low specific heat
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basic solution
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pH >7
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acidic solution
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pH<7
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substance that resists changes in pH
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buffer
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the first energy level or orbital of any atom has how many electrons
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2
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octet rule
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the sharing of electrons allows the outer orbitals to be filled by 8 electrons
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sub atomic particles that make up the nucleus
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neutrons and protons
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difference between weight and mass in matter
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mass is constant, weight is variable and changes due to gravity
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the transfer of one electrons from one atoms to another is
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ionic bond
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the sharing of electrons in the outermost shell
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covalent bond
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water molecules held together by
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hydrogen bonds
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property of water that contributes to water transport in plants
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adhesion
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adhesion contributes to
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surface tention
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ability of water to absorb energy
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high specific heat
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a solution in which water is the solvent
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aqueous solution
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hydrophillic
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likes water
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hydrobphobic
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repels water
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O CHEM is defined as
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the study of carbon compounds
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seven chem groups that are important to biological process
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hydrocarbons
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why is carbon versitile in living systems
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ability to form many covalent bonds
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atomic mass
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sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus
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4 types of macromolecules
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proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbs
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in biological systems, the chem bonds that connect molecules together typically involves water being _________, and is called___________
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removed, dehydration synthesis
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building blocks of nucleic acids
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nucleotides
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building blocks of protein
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amino acids
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amino acids have unique chem property that is determined by
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"R" group
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a proteins primary structure is specificed by
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the sequence of amino acids
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carbs have C-H-O ratio of
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1:2:1
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phospholipid is made up of 3 subunits
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gylcerol, fatty acids, phosphate
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the PRIMARY sequence of a protein is determined by
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the sequence of amino acids
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5-carbon sugar that makes up the backbone of RNA
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ribose
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cells are microscopic because
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they need a high surface area to volume ratio
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largest, most complex structure in edomembrane system is
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endoplasmic reticulum
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once a protein has been manufactured by the __________, it is transferred to the _________for finishing
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ribosome, golgi apparatus
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if cell is place in hypertonic solution
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it will shrivel
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the movement of bulk materials into the cell
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endocytosis
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the smooth ER is
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the site of lipid and membrane synthesis
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chloroplast and mitochondria are similar because
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they both arose by endosymbiosis
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chem property that characterizes the interior of the phospholipid bilayer
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its hydrophobic
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if cell is in an isotonic environment
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osmosis still occurs, no net gain or loss of water
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two organelles that contain their own DNA
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mitochondria and cholorplast
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flagella and cilia are both built from______and are arranged in a ________fashion
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microtubules, 9+2
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osmosis
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process of water moving across a membrane
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balanced osmotic pressure
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isotonic
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NOT a mechanism for bringing bulk material into a cell
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exocytosis
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cell in a hypertonic environment will have water____________the cell, and ___________
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enter, burst
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sodium potassium pump is an example of
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active transport
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diffusion and osmisis are passive transport because
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they do not require energy
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when plant cells maintain high concentration of solutes in their central vacuoles, it results ins a hydrostatic pressure called
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turgor pressure
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vesicle that contains hydrolyctic enzymes that digest old cells and waste
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lysosomes
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rough ER is called rough because
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it has many ribosomes
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powerhouse of cell
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mitochondria
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lipid characterized by interlocking rings
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steroids
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fluid mosaic model
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the membrane that surrounds a cell
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first law of thermodynamics
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energy cannot be destroyed nor created, can only change forms
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source of all of Earths energy
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solar energy
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entropy
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all natural process tend to proceed in such a direction that the disorder or randomness of the universe increases.
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this has NO effect on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
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solute concentration
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ATP is used in the cell to produce cellular energy by
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hydrolysis coupled with endergonic reactions
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anabolic reactions
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make chemical bonds
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multi-enzyme complex contains
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enzymes that catalyze a SERIES of reactions
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NOT a stage in aerobic respiration
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pyrimadine oxidation
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in fermentaion, what molecule accepts electrons
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an organic molecule
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electrons generated from the Krebs cycle are first transferred to__________and then shuttled to_________
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NAD+, electron transport chain
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Who discovered the process of citric acid cyle in aerobic respiration
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Hans Krebs
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process of cellular respiration that generates most ATP
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electron transport chain-CHEMIOSMOSIS
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majority of reactions occur during aerobic cellular respiration take place in
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mirochondria
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catabolism of glucose means
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breaking down glucose to release energy
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molecule produced in the first stage of glycolysis
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pyruvate
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Acetol CoA is produced by the oxidation of what
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pyruvate
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within cholorplast, simi-liquid matrix in which calvin cycle occurs is
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stroma
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visible light occupies what part of elctromagnetic spectrum
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a small portion in the middle
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photsynthesis most effective using these colors of light
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red blue violet
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describes photosystem
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a collection of pigments that transfer energy captured from light to a reaction center
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primitive photosystem
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PHOTO I
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during light dependent phase of photosynthesis, ATP generated by
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both PHOTO I and II
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purpose of calvin cycle
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build organic molecules
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molecules that are good absorbers of light in visible range
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pigments
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light dependent reactions take place in
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thylakoid membrances
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lights consists of both wave energy and particles of energy known as
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photons
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replicate copies of each chromosome are called
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sister chromatids
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sister chromatids are joined at the
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centromere
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stage in which sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles
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telophase
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complex of DNA and proteins in which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed
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chromatin
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one of the two copies of replicated chromosomes joined by single centromere to the other strand is called
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chromatid
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what pulls chromosomes apart in anaphase
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microtubules
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two parents are crossed, the first gen is called
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f1 gen
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dihybrid cross
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cross between two individuals results in a ratio of 9:3:3:1 for four possible phenotypes
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cross used when phenotype known, genotype unknown
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testcross
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capsid
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protein coat
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structure of virus
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nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat
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2 basic shapes of viruses
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helical, icosahedral
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host range
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ability to replicate, determined by specific cell type
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RNA only genome-VIRUSES
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influenza, AIDS
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DNA only-geno-VIRUSES
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smallpox, herpes
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bacteriophages
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viruses that attack only bacteria
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lyctic cycle
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virus kills infested host cells
**lysis= to break apart |
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lysogenic cycle
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does not immediately kill host cell, but integrates their nucleic acid into host genome
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virus DNA (bacteriophage)
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prophage
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lysogeny
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integration of virus into cellular genome
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emerging viruses
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hantavirus, ebola virus, SARS
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HIV
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is a retrovirus/RNA virus. it transcribes its genes into host
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HIV virus does what
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compromises immune system by destroying white blood cells, the body becomes defenseless against trivial infections. the destruction of T cells blocks immune responses, and then results in AIDS
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Once HIV is attached
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viral RNA uses reveres transcriptase to synthesis a double strand of DNA mirroring viral RNA
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purine
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double ringed, A and G
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pyrimidines
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single ring, C and T (and U in RNA)
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base pairs
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A-T, C-G, bound by hydrogen bonds
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backbone of DNA-bonds
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phosphate group covalently bonded to ribose
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polypeptides
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chains to amino acids
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"one gene, one protein"
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protein building blocks held together by peptide bonds
*one gene carries directions for making one protein |
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Chargaff's rule
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A bonds with T, C bonds with G- base pairing rule
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Roslind Franklin
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used c-ray diffration analysis of DNA
found DNA was helical the molecule is 2 micrometers wide |
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Watson and Crick
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used Franklins findings to earn nobel peace prize, giving her little credit
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DNA replication
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makes copies of itself
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Replication Phases
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initiation, elongation, termination
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DNA polymerase
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brings nucleotides into each new straon
POLY I and II- replication PLY III- DNA repair- complex of 10 protein chains |
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types of RNA
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ribosomal, transfer, messenger
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protein synthesis occurs where
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ribosomes, in 3 sites (in cytoplasm)
P-site---binds tRNA to protein chain A-site---binds TO tRNA E-site----binds tRNA that carried AA |
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2 phases of assembling a protein
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transcription and translation
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transcription
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product: DNA-->RNA, (mRNA as modified version)
DNA unzips, RNA (single strand attaches) RNAP- RNA polymerase grabs onto DNA to create mRNA then DNA zips back together |
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translation
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product: RNA-->protein, built from amino acids
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condons
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blocks of code letters, in triplicates
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initiation of translation
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tRNA binds to small subunit (p-site) of ribosome (with AA already attached)
anticodon on tRNA lines up with codon on mRNA binds 3-letter AA group attached to tRNA to begin polypeptide chain |
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elongation of translation
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tRNA with anticodon matches next codon and lines up with complimentary bases
*elongation factors assist in binding at correct location on mRNA process continues tRNA+next condon, binds another 3 letter AA to chain |
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termination of translation
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nonsense codons recognized by release factors which stop translation and protein is released from ribosome
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