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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Uniformitarian Assumption
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the rules that directed change in the past are the same as those today
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Natural Selection
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Process by which the genotypes in a population that are best adapted to the environment increase in frequency relative to less well-adapted genotypes over a number of generations
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Descent with Modification
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The theory that all living things are modified descendants of a common ancestor that lived in the distant past
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Homology
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Similarity of structures in different species that are used for different purposes (explained by descent from common ancestory)
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Hardy-Weinberg frequency
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The stable frequency distribution of genotypes that is a consequence of random mating in the absence of mutation, migration, natural selection, or random drift
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Genetic fingerprinting
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A method of identification exploiting differences in the number of repetitions of certain DNA sequences between individuals
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Heterozygous
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the state of having 2 different alleles of a particular gene (Aa)
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Homozygous
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the state of having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene (AA, aa)
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Recessive gene
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A gene, which must be present on both chromosomes in a pair to show outward signs of a certain characteristic
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Cystic Fibrosis
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A recessive genetic disorder affecting the mucus lining of the lungs, leading to breathing problems
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Anisogamy
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The difference in size of the male and female gamete
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Genetic Drift
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Evolutionary mechanism where changes occur in a population's allele frequency due to chance, because populations are not infinitely large; most likely to affect small populations
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Bottleneck
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Reduction in size of an existing population; leads to the loss of some alleles and the increase in frequency of some; increase genetic drift
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Founder Event
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Establishment of a new population of smaller size
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Point Mutation
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A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair
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Molecular Clock
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An evolutionary timing method based on the observation that at least some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates
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Gene Flow
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Genetic additions to or subtractions from a population resulting from a moment of fertile individuals or gametes
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Non-Darwinian Evolution
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The substitution of neutral alleles; many new neutral alleles are created each generation by mutation, but most will be lost because of genetic drift yet some will be substituted
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Appearance of Life
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Fossil record of life on Earth started around 3.5 billion years ago (bacteria fossils)
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Miller
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Conducted experiments producing conditions similar to early Earth-organic compounds
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Fossils
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Evidence of a living thing from past geological ages
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Steno's Law
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Principle of Superposition- in an undisturbed sequence of rocks, the oldest layer is the bottom
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Index Fossils
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Similar fossils found in several different locations can provide the age of a certain strata
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Radioactive Dating
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Uses half lives of radioactive isotopes in rocks to determine their age
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Mass Extinctions
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Times with very high rates of extinction over a short period
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Wegener
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Continental drift theory
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Endemic
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A group of indigenous species native and resticted to a geographic location
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Vicariance
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Separation of ancestral population into separate groups due to topographic or ecological barrier
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Paleozoic periods
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Cambrian
Ordovician Silurian Devonian Mississippian Pennsylvanian Permian |
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Mesozoic periods
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Triassic
Jurassic Cretaceous |
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Cenozoic periods
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Tertiary (Paleocene, Neocene)
Quaternary |
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Paleozoic discoveries
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Endosymbiotic theory
Land plants Permian mass extinction Cambrian explosion |
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Stramatolites
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Banded layers of sediment containing bacterial mats
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Endosymbiotic theory
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Evolution of eukaryotic cells involved a process in which a precursor to the eukaryote cell engulfed a prokaryote cell; brought selective advantage to the resulting new cell
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Burgess Shale
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Presents new species of sponges, jelly fish, and entirely new groups
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Land plants
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Early species were poikilohydric, water content matched their environment, and they were desiccation tolerant
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Problems with transition to land
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Reproduction, UV radiation, water relationship
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Permian Mass Extinction
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Many marine phyla became extinct, high volcanic activity, lowered sea levels, Pangaea
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Mesozoic discoveries
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Dinosaurs, angiosperms, mammals
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Diapsids
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Two openings on each side of skull (some reptiles)
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Synapsids
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Single opening low on each side of skull (mammal-like reptiles and mammals)
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Morphological Species Concept
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The classification of species based on their measurable anatomical characteristics
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Biological Species Concept
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The classification of species based on whether or not two organisms interbreed and produce viable offspring
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Sympatric
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Speciation occurring within the same geographical area
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Allopatric
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Speciation occurring in separated, non-overlapping geographical areas
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Endangered Species Act of 1973
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Provided legal protection to endangered species
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Prezygotic Barriers
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A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization (e.g. habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation)
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Postzygotic Barriers
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Any of several species-isolating mechanisms that prevent hybrids produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults (e.g. the mule)
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Adaptive Radiation
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The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor that was introduced into a new environment, presenting a diversity of new opportunities
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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Theory of evolution advocating spurts of relatively rapid change followed by long periods of stability
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Exaptation
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A characteristic that evolved for one purpose and later served another purpose
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Coevolution
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The influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution (flowering plants / insects, hosts / parasites, predators / prey)
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First Prokaryote
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3.5 billion years ago
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Analogous
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Performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin, such as the wings of insects and birds
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Derived Trait
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Newly developed characteristics, not kept from a common ancestor
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Distinction between periods in history
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Based on major differences in fossils in successive strata
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Directional Selection
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Occurs when natural selection favors a single phenotype and therefore allele frequency continuously shifts in one direction
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Precambrian discoveries
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stromatolites
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Proterozoic discovery
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Evolution of the first eukaryotic protoctistons
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Cambrian discovery
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Radiation of most phyla
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Carboniferous discovery
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Gondwanaland forms
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Triassic discovery
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First dinosaurs and mammals
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Cretaceous discovery
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First angiosperms
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Pleistocene discovery
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HUMANS
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Archaean discovery
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Origin of life
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Mass Extinction eras
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Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Cretaceous
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Iridium
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Evidence of a meteorite
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Character polarities
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Outgroup comparisons
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Groups of Prokaryotes
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Bacteria, Archaea
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Synapomorphies
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Shared derived characteristics used to determine clades
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Apomorphic trait
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Derived trait
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Reasons for diversity of organisms
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Anagenesis, Cladogenesis, Extinction
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Neo-Darwinism
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Unification of Mendelism and Darwinism (heredity and evolution)
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Archaea- why most primitive?
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Simple physiology, hyperthermophiles, chemoautotrophs
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Eldredge and Gould
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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Aristotle
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Scale of increasing perfection (scala naturae)
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Linnaeus
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Systematic method of taxonomy
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Cuvier
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Catastrophism
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Lyell
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Uniformitarianism
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Wallace
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Co-discoverer of Natural Selection
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Lamarck
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics
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Hardy & Weinberg
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Mathematically described allele frequencies in non-evolving populations
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Mendel
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Principle of independent assortment of chromosomes
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Why is there no continuing abiotic origin of life on earth?
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Our oxidizing atmosphere isn't conducive for spontaneous formation of complex molecules
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