Bio Final

Front 1

Four stages of dividing cells in eukaryotes

Back 1

S phase, M phase, G1 phase, and G2 phase

Front 2

What can happen when uncontrolled cell division occurs?

Back 2

Cancer

Front 3

S Phase

Back 3

During S phase, or synthesis phase, DNA replication occurs and this is during interphase

Front 4

Prior to the S phase is the...

Back 4

G1 Phase - no DNA synthesis occurs.
organelles replicate and additional cytoplasm is made in preparation for cell division
Last 7-9 hours

Front 5

What phase is between S phase and M phase?

Back 5

G2 phase
functions the same as the G1 phase and lasts about 4-5 hrs

Front 6

What do the gap phases allow to happen?

Back 6

the cell to grow large enough and synthesize enough organelles top ensure the daughter cells will be normal in size and function

Front 7

Mitosis

Back 7

Results in the division of replicated chromosomes and formation od two daughter nuclei with identical chromosomes and genes - usually accompanied by cytokinesis

Front 8

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of...

Back 8

DNA associated with histone proteins

Front 9

When is chromotin "relaxed or uncondensed?

Back 9

During interphase, it forms long, thread like strands

Front 10

During the the S phase each chromosome consists of...?

Back 10

identical sister chromosomes

Front 11

Prophase

Back 11

Chromosomes condense and first become visible in the light microscope

Front 12

Mitotic Spindle

Back 12

Made up of microtubules called spindle fibers, forms a microtubule-organizing center(in animals this is a centrosome)

Front 13

Polar microtubules

Back 13

Push the poles of the cells away from each other during mitosis

Front 14

Kinetochore microtubules

Back 14

pull the chromosomes to the poles of the cell during mitosis

Front 15

Prometaphase

Back 15

Nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleolus disappears, kinetochore microtubules from each mitotic spindle attach to one of the sister chromotids of each chromosome

Front 16

Metaphase

Back 16

Formation of the mitotic spindle is completed, moto proteins on the kinetochore microtubules pull each chromosome in opposite directions causing the chromosomes to line up in the middle of the cell(plane called metaphase plate)

Front 17

Anaphase

Back 17

centromeres split and sister chromotids are pulled by the spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell

once the sister chromotids are not connected they are considered daughter chromosomes

During this motor protains of the polar microtubules push the two poles of the cell away from each other

Front 18

Telophase

Back 18

a new nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes, mitotic spindle disintergrate, the chromosomes begin to de-condense

Front 19

Cytokinesis

Back 19

typically occurs immediately after mitosis, during this the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus and complete set of organelles

Front 20

How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?

Back 20

vesicles are transported from the Golgi apperatus to the middle of the dividing cell, these vesicles fuse to form a cell plate

Front 21

Prophase

Back 21

Chromosomes condense and first become visible in the light microscope

Front 22

Mitotic Spindle

Back 22

Made up of microtubules called spindle fibers, forms a microtubule-organizing center(in animals this is a centrosome)

Front 23

Polar microtubules

Back 23

Push the poles of the cells away from each other during mitosis

Front 24

Kinetochore microtubules

Back 24

pull the chromosomes to the poles of the cell during mitosis

Front 25

Prometaphase

Back 25

Nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleolus disappears, kinetochore microtubules from each mitotic spindle attach to one of the sister chromotids of each chromosome

Front 26

Metaphase

Back 26

Formation of the mitotic spindle is completed, moto proteins on the kinetochore microtubules pull each chromosome in opposite directions causing the chromosomes to line up in the middle of the cell(plane called metaphase plate)

Front 27

Anaphase

Back 27

centromeres split and sister chromotids are pulled by the spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell

once the sister chromotids are not connected they are considered daughter chromosomes

During this motor protains of the polar microtubules push the two poles of the cell away from each other

Front 28

Telophase

Back 28

a new nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes, mitotic spindle disintergrate, the chromosomes begin to de-condense

Front 29

Cytokinesis

Back 29

typically occurs immediately after mitosis, during this the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus and complete set of organelles

Front 30

How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?

Back 30

vesicles are transported from the Golgi apperatus to the middle of the dividing cell, these vesicles fuse to form a cell plate

Front 31

Five essential developmental processes

Back 31

Cell proliferation, programmed cell death, cell movement or differential expansion, cell differentiation, cell-cell interaction

Front 32

Proliferation

Back 32

Divide and make more cells, the location, timing and extent of these cell division are tightly controlled by interacting layers of regulation

Front 33

When do most cells stop proliferating?

Back 33

At maturity, although some specialized, undifferentiated cells that continue

In plants these specialized cells are called meristems and in animal cells stem cells