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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 3 things are sex hormones used for?
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Development/function
Behaviors/drives Growth/development |
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What 2 muscles are in the scrotum?
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dartos muscle - wrinkles
cremaster muscles - skeletal muscle |
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What 2 different tunics does the testes have?
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Tunica Vaginalis
Tunica Albuginea |
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What does the septa do with the testes?
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Divides the tests into 250-300 lobules each, has 1-4 seminferous tubules
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What route does sperm move through the testes? 5 things
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Sem tubules
tubules rectus rete testis efferent ductules epididymis |
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What do the leydig cells do?
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Produce androgens, and are outside the seminiferous tubules
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What 4 pieces make up the penis?
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Root and shaft
Prepuce Circumcision Crura - proximal end anchors penis to arch |
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What are the 3 different layers of the penis?
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Spongy urethra
Corpus spongiosum Corpora cavernosa |
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What contacts to expel sperm to the ductus deferens for ejaculation?
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Epididymis
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What do the seminal vesicles produce? And how much of it makes up semen?
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Viscous alkaline seminal fluid, 70% of semen.
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What is the seminal fluid made of?
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Fructose
Ascorbic acid coagulating enzyme, vesiculase prostaglandins |
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What does the prostate do?
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Activates sperm
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What does the prostate make?
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Secretes milky, sllightly acid fluid that contains citrate, enzymes, prostate specific antigen, PSA!
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What do the cowper's glands make?
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Thick clear mucus that lubricates the glans penis, and neutralizes traces of urine.
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What do prostaglandins do?
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decreases mucus viscosity in cervix, and stimulates reverse peristalsis in uterus.
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What 4 things does semen have in it to attack the vagina?
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Alkalinity
Antibiotic chemicals Clotting factors Fibrinolysin |
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How much of semen is ejaculated on average?
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2-5ml
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What does NO do with the erection?
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Causes erectile tissue to fill with blood, compresses drainage veins in corpora cavernosa, and keeps the urethra open in the corpus spongiosum.
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What are the 3 sympathetic spinal reflexes when it comes to ejaculation?
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1. Ducts and accessory glands contract and empty
2. Bladder sphincter muscle to contract 3. Bulbs spongiosus muscles for rapid series of contractions |
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Where is sperm produced at?
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Seminferous tubules
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What are gametes? haploid or diploid?and how many chromosomes?
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Haploid, 23.
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What is the order in sperm production?
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Spermatocytes to Spermatids to sperm
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What hormone is responsible for the hormonal regulation of male reproductive function?
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HPG, or hypothalamic pituitary gonadal hormone.
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What are the 6 steps in the HPG axis cascade of events?
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1. Hypothal relases GnRH
2. GnRH stimulates ant. pit to secrete FSH and LH 3. FSH causes release of ABP, which makes spermatogenic cell receptive to testosterone 4. LH stimulates interstitial cells to release test 5. Test = final trigger for spermatogenesis 6. feedback inhibition on hypothal and pit results from rising levels of test, and inhibin |
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When is inhibin released?
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When sperm count is high
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What are the 4 affects of test?
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1. prompts spermatogensis
2. targets accessory organs, deficiency leads to atrophy 3. multiple anabolic effects thruout body 4. basis of libido in males |
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What are the 5 puberty affects of test?
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1. Pubic, axillary, and facial hair
2. Growth of chest and deepening of voice 3. Skin thickens and becomes oily 4. Bones grow/increase in density 5. Skeletal muscles increase size/mass |
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What are the 4 ligaments for the ovaries?
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1. Ovarian
2. Suspensory 3. Mesovarium 4. Broad |
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What is a granulosa cell?
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When more than one layer is present
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What are the 4 stages of follicles in the ovaries?
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1. Primoridial- squarelike follicle cells + oocyte
2. Primary - cuboid or column cells + oocyte 3. secondary - 2 or more layers of granulosa cells + oocyte 4. Late secondary - contains antrum, coalesces to form a central antrum |
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What is the corpus luteum?
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Develops from the ruptured follicle after the oocyte leaves the ovary.
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How is the oocyte carried through the uterine tubes?
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Peristalsis and ciliary action
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What are the 3 parts of the uterus?
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1. Body
2. Fundus 3. Ishtmus |
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When does the cervical glands secrete mucus that block sperm?
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Midcycle
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What are the 4 supports of the uterus?
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Mesomentrium
Laterical cervical ligaments Uterosacral ligaments Round ligaments |
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What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?
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1. Perimetrium
2. Myomentrium 3. Endometrium |
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What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?
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1. Stratum functionalis - changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles.
2. Stratum basalis - forms new functionalis after menstruation |
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What layer is shed out of the vagina, during menstruation?
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Stratum functionalis
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What are the 3 layers of the walls of the vagina?
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1. Fibroelastic
2. Smooth muslce muscularis 3. Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae |
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What does the greater vestibular glands do?
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Releases mucus into the vestibule for lubriaction
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What are the mammary glands?
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Modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes
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What produces the milk?
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glandular alveoli
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What is the order of pushing milk out?
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Milk - lactiferous ducts - lactiferous sinues - open to the outside of the nipple
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What phase of an oocyte must the sperm penetrate it?
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Secondary oocyte.
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What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
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1. Follicular phase - 14 days of follicle growth
2. Ovulation 3. Luteal phase - period of corpus luteum activity |
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What happens during the follicular phase?
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The primordial follicle becomes the primary follice.
Follicle enlarges. Primary follicle becomes a secondary follice. Secondary becoamse a late secondary. Late secondary becomes a vascular. |
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When does the zona pellucida form around the oocyte?
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During the secondary to late secondary phase.
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What is the twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation?
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Mittelschmerz
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What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete after ovulation?
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Progesterone and estrogen
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What starts puberty?
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Boobs. Leptin from the adipose tissue decreases the estrogen inhibition.
GnRH, FSH, and LH are released. |
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What happens if fertilization does not occur?
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Corpus luteum degenerates
Progesterone levels fall Spiral arteries kink and spasm Endometrial cells begin to die Spiral arteries constrict again, then relax open wide Rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and functional layer sloughs |
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What are the 3 effects of Estrogen?
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1. Promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary
2. Exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract 3. Support the rapid but short-lived growth spurt at puberty |
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What are the puberty effects of estrogen?
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Growth of the breasts
Increased deposits of subcutaneous fat at hips and breasts Widening and lightening of the pelvis |
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What are the effects of progesterone?
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Works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycle
Inhibits uterine motility Helps prepare the breasts for lactation |
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What happens during the female sexual response?
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Clit, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge with blood.
Vestibular gland secretions lubricate the vestibule. Orgasm is accompanied by muscle tensions, increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmic contractions of the uterus. No REFRACTION PERIOD, DAMN TAMMIE! |
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What is the genital turbercle?
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Penis, or clit.
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What is the urethral fold?
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Urethra, or labia minora.
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What is the labioscrotal folds?
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Scrotum, or labia majora.
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When do the gonads begin to drop?
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2 months before birth.
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When does menopause start?
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When menses have ceased for an entire year
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What happens during menopause?
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Atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
Irritability and depression in some Hot flashes Gradual thinning of the skin and bone loss Increased total blood cholesterol levels and falling HDL |
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What are the 4 phases of pregnancy?
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1. Conceptus - developing offspring
2. Gestation period - time from last period to birth 280 days 3. Embryo - conceptus from fertilization through week 8 4. Fetus conceptus from week 9 through birth |
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How long is an oocyte good for? a sperm?
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oocyte : 12 - 24 hours
Sperm : 24 - 48 hours |
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What must sperm breach on the oocyte?
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Corona Radiata and zona pellucida
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What stops more then one sperm entering the egg?
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Ca2+ surge from the ER causes the cortical reaction.
Cortical granules release enzymes, ZIPS. ZIPS destroy sperm receptors. Spilled fluid binds water and swells, detaching other sperm, slow block to polyspermy. |
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When is the first cleavage of embryonic development?
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36 hours
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What are the 2 layers that the trophoblasts create?
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1. cytotrophoblast inner layer of cells
2. Syncytiotrophoblast - cells in the outer layer lose their plasma membranes, invade and digst the endometrium |
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When does implantation begin? when does it end?
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6-7 days after ovulation. Over by the 12th day.
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What does hCG do during pregnancy?
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1. Secreted by trophoblast cells, later the chorion
2. Prompts corpus luteum to continue secretion of progesterone and estrogen 3. hCG levels rise until the end of the second month, then decline as the placenta begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen |
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What is placentation?
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Formation of the placenta from embryonic and maternal tissues
1. mesoderm cells develop from the inner cell mass and line the trophoblast 2. Together these from the chorion and chorionic villi |
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What are the 3 basic phases of placentation?
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1. Embryonic tissues
2. Maternal tissues 3. Chorionic villi |
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By when is the placenta fully formed and functional?
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By the end of the third month.
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What 3 things does the placenta secrete?
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1. Human placental lactogen
2. Human chorionic thryotropin 3. Relaxin |
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What are the 2 embryonic placental barriers?
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Membranes of the chorionic villi
endothelium of embryonic capillaries |
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What does a blastocyst become after?
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A gastrula
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What does the inner cell mass develop into during the gastrula phase?
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Embryonic disc
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What are the 4 embryonic membranes?
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1. Amnion
2. Yolk sac 3. Allantois 4. Chorion |
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What does the amnion do?
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1. provides a buoyant environment that protects the embryo
2. Helps maintain a constant homeostatic temp 3. allows freedom of movement and prevents parts from fusing together 4. Amniotic fluid comes from maternal blood and later fetal urine |
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What does the yolk sac do?
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1. Forms part of the digestive tube
2. Sources of the earliest blood cells and blood vessels |
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What does the Allantois do?
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1.Structural base for the umbilical cord
2. Becomes part of the urinary bladder |
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What does the chorion do?
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Helps form the placenta and encloses the embryonic body and all other membranes
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When does gastrulation occur?
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in week 3
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What happens during gastrulation?
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Embryonic disc becomes a three layered embryo with ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
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What is the Notochord?
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A rod of mesodermal cells that serves as axial support.
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What does the ectoderm become?
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Nervous system and skin epidermis.
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What does the endoderm become?
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epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems
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What does the mesoderm become?
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Forms all other tissues
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At what week are all organ systems recognizable?
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8th week.
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What is the stage called where organs are formed?
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Organogenesis
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What is neurulation?
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First major event of organogenesis, gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
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What type of cells produce vertebra and ribs?
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Sclerotome cells.
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What type of cells form dermis of the skin on dorsal part of the body?
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Dermatome cells
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What type of cells form skeletal muscles?
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Myotome cells
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What are the 3 vascular shunts in the fetus?
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Ductus venosus - bypasses liver
Foramen ovale - bypasses pulmonary circulation Ductus anteriosus - bypasses pumonary circulation |
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When is the fetal period?
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Weeks 9 through 38.
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What are the 3 anatomical changes of pregnancy on the woman?
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Chadwick's sign, vagina develops a purplish hue
Breasts enlarge and areolae darken Pigmentatino of facial skin may increase, chloasma Uterus expands Weight gain Relaxin causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax to ease birth passage |
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What are the metabolic effects and change of pregnancy?
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Placental hormones:
HPL, or hCS hCT PTH and vitamin d levels are high |
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What are the physiological effects of pregnancy?
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GI tract:
Morning sickness due to elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone Heartburn and constipation are common Urinary system: More urine due to more metabolism and fetal wastes Stress incontinence may occur as bladder is compressed |
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What happens to the respiratory system during pregnancy? 3 things
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Estrogens cause nasal edema and congestion
Tidal volume increases Dyspnea may occur later in pregnancy, difficulty in breathing |
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What happens to the cardiovascular system during pregnancy? 3 things
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Blood volume increases 25-40%
Blood pressure and pulse rise Venous retrun from lower limbs may be impaired, resulting in varicose veins |
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What is parturition?
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Labor events that expel the infant from the uterus.
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How is labor initiated?
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Fetal secretion of cortisol stimulates the placenta to secrete more estrogen:
Causes production of oxytocin receptors by myometrium Antagonized calming effects of progesterone, leading to Braxton Hicks contractions in uterus |
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What does Surfactant protein A do?
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Causes softening of the cervix
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Where does surfactant protein A, or Sp-A, come from?
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The lungs of the fetus
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What causes the placenta to produce prostaglandins?
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Fetal oxytocin
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How is the initiation of labor possible due to stress?
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Maternal emotional and physical stress activates the hypothalamus, causing oxytocin release from posterior pituitary, and a positive feedback mechanism takes over.
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What is the respiratory rate for the first two weeks?
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45 per minute, then declines.
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What is the transitional period?
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Unstable period after birth, for 6-8 hours.
Alternating periods of activity and sleep, vitals may be irregular. Stabilizes with waking periods occurring every 3-4 hours. |
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What does the umbilical vein become?
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Ligamentum teres
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What does the ductus venosus become?
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ligamentum venosum
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What doe the foramen ovale become?
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fossa ovalis
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What does the ductus arteriosus become?
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Ligamentum arteriosum
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What hormones stimulate the release of PRF? Prolactin releasing factor. 4 things.
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placental estrogens
progesterone lactogen Ant. Pit. releases prolactin |
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What is Colostrum?
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Yellowish secretion reich in vitamin A, protein, minerals and IgA antibodies.
released the first 2-3 days |
