Bio Exam Key Terms

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Prokaryotes

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- single celled organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus

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Microflora

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-collective bacteria and microorganisms in an ecosystem

-defend against harmful microbes, help in digestion, synthesis of important molecules

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Unicellular

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-prokaryotes

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Capsule

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- gel like coating on the outside of the cell

-helps cell attach to their environment

-protect from being eaten by other microbes

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Gram Positive

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-cell wall that contains thick layer of peptidoglycan outside of the cell membrane

- positive bacteria hold onto the stain

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Gram Negative

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-cell wall that contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan between 2 membranes

- negative bacteria do not hold the stain

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Cell wall

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- 2 different types of cell walls

-gram positive and gram negative

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Peptidoglycan

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- sugars and amino acids that form cell wall

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Nucleoid

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- region with the chromosome

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Aerobic

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- use oxygen to carry on respiration which produce energy

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facultative anaerobic

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- bacteria that can produce energy with or without oxygen

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Anaerobic

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- living in the absence of air

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Obligate Anaerobe

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- bacteria that only produce their energy in an oxygen free environment

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Autotroph

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-obtain energy from inorganic sources

-photosynthetic bacteria and chemoautotrophic bacteria

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Heterotrophic

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-obtain energy from organic sources

-decomposers

-break down and decompose organic molecules

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Chemoautotroph

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- energy comes from inorganic molecules such as nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen and iron compounds

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Photosynthetic

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-contain chlorophyll in the cell membrane

-these are blue- green or cyanobacteria a

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Parasite

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-bacteria live on or in livening organism and may cause disease

-examples: meninfitis, pneumonia, tuberculous

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Saprobe

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- feed on dead plant and animal matter

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Capsid

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- protein shell of a virus

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Multicellular

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-organisms made up of more than one cell

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Eukaryotes

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- multicellular organisms

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Protozoa

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- animal protists

-structure: unicellular

-nutrition: heterotrophic

-motile

-reproduce sexual or assexual

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Zooflagelates

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-Phylum Mastiogophra of protozoa

-colorless hetertrophs

-move by flagella

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Ciliates

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- move by means of cilia

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Amoeboids

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- move by pseudopodia

- feed by phagocytosis

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Cilia

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-move ciliates

- aid in prey capture and feeding

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Algae

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Green- autotrophic, contains chlorophyll, cell walls of cellulose

Red- mainly multicellular seaweeds, contain red and blue pigments as well as chlorophyll, produce useful gelling agents

Brown- multicellular seaweed, kelps, accessory pigments ranging from brown to black

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Euglenoids

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- freshwater unicellular organisms

-most have chloroplasts

- 2 flagella

-photoreceptor called an eyespot

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Slime molds

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- feed on dead plant matter and bacteria

-plasmodial (acellular) slime molds exist as plasmodium

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Cellular slime molds

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-exist as individual amoeboid cells

-common soil decomposers

-when food is scarce they aggregate togther to form a pseudoplasmodium

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Hyphae

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- branching filaments that make up the mycelium of fungus

- increase surface area for absorption

-can grow up to a meter a day

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Mycelium

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- body of fungi

-mass of filaments

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Chitin

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-polymer of glucose

-makes up cell walls of fungi

-found in exoskeleton of animals

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Fragmentation

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- asexual reproduction where parent fragment breaks into fragments

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Spores

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-agents of asexual reproduction

-called conidia

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Budding

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-unequal binary fussion in asexual reproductoion

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Yeast

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- unicellular ascomycetes

-fermentation of some yeasts produce CO2 and ethanol, used to make beer, wine and bread

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Mycosis

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-disease caused by an infection with a fungus

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Tineas

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- skin infection, can occur anywhere on the slim

-athletes foot, ringworm

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Histoplasmosis

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- mild flu like symptoms, fungus lives in cell of immune system

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Candidiasis

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- yeast infection resulting form imbalance of normal flora

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Zygomycota

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- sexual reproduction of fungi

- formed from fusion of + and - hyphae

- black bread mold

- saprotrophs and parasites

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Ascomycota

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- sexual reproductive structure called ascus

- sac fungi

-asci are enclosed with ascocarp

-ascocarp develops after fusion of + and - hyphae

-often called yeast

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Basidiomycota

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-club fungi

-sexual reproductive structure called basidium

-contain within basdiocarp, edible part of mushroom

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Mitosis

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- cell division that creates identical cells

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Meiosis

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- cell division that creates daughter cells with half as many chromosomes

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Haploid

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- half the normal number of chromosomes

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Diploid

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normal number of chromosomes

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Spore

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a haploid cell that becomes a gamete producing structure

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Gamete

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a haploid sex cell, 2 gametes fuse to create a zygote

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Zygote

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a diploid cell formed after 2 gametes form

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Sporophyte

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- plant is diploid in this stage

-produces spores by meiosis

-spores are haploid

-this stage begins when 2 gametes fuse together

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Gameotophyte

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-formed when spores released by the sporophyte

-plant is haploid in this stage

-produces gametes by mitosis

-these gametes will eventulaly fuse, forming a zygote that will develop into a new sporophyte