Bio Exam Ii

Front 1

subunits of carbs

Back 1

monosacchararide

Front 2

examples of monosaccharides

Back 2

glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 3

examples of polysaccharides

Back 3

starch, glycogen, cellulose (plants), carbohydrate fiber, chitin (animals, fungi), peptidoglycan (in bacteria)polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose

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hexose

Back 4

6 carbons, examples: glucose

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pentose

Back 5

5 carbons, example: ribose and deoxyribose

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tetrose

Back 6

4

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heptose

Back 7

7

Front 8

How is glucose stores in plants?

Back 8

as starch. Starch is a chain of glucose molecules that can be nonbranched or branched

Front 9

How is glucose stores in animals?

Back 9

as glycogen. Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose molecules.

Front 10

enzyme

Back 10

molecule that speeds up reaction by bringing reactants together. It may even participate in the reaction but is unchanged by it.Frequently, monomers must be activated before they will react.

Front 11

hydrolysis

Back 11

process in which an -OH (hydroxyl group) from water attaches to one subunit (monomer), and an -H (hydrogen atom attaches to the other subunit, which breaks the bond.

Front 12

examples of disaccharide

Back 12

maltose (glucose and glucose after dehydration reaction), sucrose (table sugar), lactose (glucose + galactose)

Front 13

a simple sugar can have a carbon backbone of

Back 13

3-7 carbons

Front 14

glucose

Back 14

a hexose with molecular formula C6H12O6. Has several isomers such as fructose and galactose, but C6HO6 is usually thought of as glucose. Glucose is transported in blood of animals

Front 15

function of polysaccharides in plants and animals

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short-term energy store because they are not as soluble in water and are much larger than a sugar. So cannot easily pass through the plasma membrane.

Front 16

the most abundant carb and indeed the most abundant organic molecule on earth

Back 16

cellulose (wood, cotton, dietary fiber) cannot be digested by animals

Front 17

chitin

Back 17

polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls and exoskeletons of crabs and insects

Front 18

types of lipids

Back 18

fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Front 19

function of waxes in living things

Back 19

protection, prevent water loss (cuticle of plant surfaces), beeswax, earwax, humans uses it for candles and polish

Front 20

function of steroids in living things

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sex hormones, components of plasma membrane (cholesterol), humans use it for medicine

Front 21

function of oils in living things

Back 21

long-term energy storage in plants and their seeds

Front 22

triglyceride

Back 22

used as long-term energy storage in plants and animals. fats and oils are sometimes called this because there are 3 fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule. Because they have many C-H bonds, they do not mix with water.

Front 23

fatty acid

Back 23

long hydrocarbon chain with a -COOH (carboxyl group ) on one end. Most fatty acids contain 16 or 18 carbon atoms per molecule. Fatty acids are either saturated or unsaturated

Front 24

difference between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated

Back 24

saturated: no double bonds between carbon atoms, usually in animals
unsaturated: double bonds in the carbon chain- kink in the fatty acid prevents close packing between hydrocarbon chains, melts at a lower temperature (good for animals like deer, in feet of reindeer helps protect against freezing), usually in plants

Front 25

function of phospholipids in living things

Back 25

type of lipid. component of plasma membrane. forms themselves as a bilayer in the plasma membrane surrounding cells. phospholipids are like fats, except there is a polar phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid. The polar head is soluble in water, the nonpolar tails are not. looks like a ball with legs, the ball is the phosphate structure

Front 26

steroids

Back 26

type of lipid. 4 fused carbon ring skeleton. each type of steroid differs by the type of functional groups attached to the skeleton.Steroids are a type of lipid because of their insolubility water. Steroids are derived from cholesterol, a component of the plasma membrane. sex hormones are steroids.important component of plasma membrane. testosterone and estrogen have different effects on body duo different functional l groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.

Front 27

waxes

Back 27

type of lipid. contains fatty acids attached to long-chain alcohols.

Front 28

primary structure

Back 28

determined by the sequence of amino acids to form polypeptides. All proteins have a primary structure.

Front 29

secondary structure

Back 29

hydrogen bonding between amino acids causes the polypeptides to form an alpha helix (keratin, collagen are helixes. the spiral is caused by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid)) or pleated sheet-(hydrogen bonding occurs between extended lengths of the polypeptide) (silk is pleated) Fibrous and globular proteins have a secondary structure. Hydrogen bonding often holds the secondary structure of a polypeptide in place. Keratine (found in hair, silk, spider webs) are examples of this structure.

Front 30

tertiary structure

Back 30

due in part to covalent bonding between R groups, the polypeptide folds and twists, giving it a characteristic globular shape (balled together). globular proteins always have a tertiary structure. Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds all contribute to the tertiary structure of a polypeptide.
enzymes are globular proteins and work best at body temperature.

Front 31

quaternary structure

Back 31

this level occurs when two or more polypeptides join to form a single protein

Front 32

6 functions of proteins

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transport, enzymes, defense, movement, support, hormones

Front 33

examples of proteins

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hemoglobin (transports oxygen), collagen (to support ligaments, tendons, and skin) keratin (makes up hair and nails), actin and myosin allow parts of cells to move and muscles to contract, insulin (regulates sugar content of blood), enzymes (speed cellular reactions)

Front 34

denatured

Back 34

when a protein loses its natural shape

Front 35

chaperone proteins

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help new proteins fold into their normal hape and correct any misfoldings. diseases: Alzheimers and cystic fibrosis.

Front 36

prions

Back 36

misfolded proteins

Front 37

what is the function of a protein dependent on?

Back 37

its shape

Front 38

Why does the sequence of amino acids in a polypepde determine its final shape?

Back 38

Because it determines which R groups interact

Front 39

Definition of DNA

Back 39

genetic material that stores information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are joined to make a protein. (its the chemical name of gene)

Front 40

Definition of RNA

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a type of nucleic acid. protein synthesis

Front 41

coenzymes

Back 41

nonprotein organic molecules that facilitate enzymatic reactions

Front 42

mRNA

Back 42

messenger RNA, conveys information from DNA regarding the amino acid sequence in a protein.

Front 43

ATP

Back 43

a nucleotide that supplies energy for synthetic reactions and other energy-requiring processes in cells

Front 44

nucleotides

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subunit of nucleic acids. There are four types of nucleotides in both DNA and RNA.

Front 45

essential amino acids

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must get from food sources

Front 46

nonessential amino acids

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your body can make it from other sources

Front 47

sugar, bases, strands of DNA structure

Back 47

Deoxyribose, bases (nucleotides): adenine, guanine, cystosine, thymine, strands: double stranded with base pairing, a helix

Front 48

sugar, bases, strands of RNA structure

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Ribose, bases (nucleotides): adenine, guanine, cystosine, uracil, strands: single stranded, not a helix

Front 49

difference between chromosome, gene, & DNA

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chromosome: made of a 1000's of genes
genes: structural and functional unit of chromosome, is made from DNA
DNA- chemical name of gene

Front 50

units of nucleic acid

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phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen containing bases (adenine, A, guanine, G, thymine T, cytosine C, uracil A

Front 51

energy of activation

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energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another. enzymes lower the energy of activation.

Front 52

factors that affect enzyme reactions

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ph, temperature, concentration of substrate, concentration of enzyme

Front 53

which nitrogen containing bases are purines (double rings?)

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adenine, guanine

Front 54

which nitrogen containing bases are pyrimidine (single rings?)

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cytosine, thymine, uracil

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complementary base pairing

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thymine is always paired with adenine, guanine is always pared with cytosine. the number of purine bases (A+G) always equals the number of pyrimidine bases (T+C)

Front 56

single stranded polymer

Back 56

when nucleotides join, the phosphate group of one is bonded to the sugar of the next

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doubled stranded polymer

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hydrogen bonds between pyrimidine and purine bases. thymine is always paired with adenine, guanine is always paired with cytosine

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ATP

Back 58

the universal energy currency of cells, is composed of adenosine (adenine and ribose) and three phosphate groups. When cells require energy, ATP becomes ADP + P and energy is released. Cells "spend" ATP when they need something. ATP is a common high-energy molecule in cells.

Front 59

examples of nucleic acids

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DNA, RNA, ATP

Front 60

lecithin

Back 60

plasma membrane component. an example of a phospholipid

Front 61

triglycerides break down into:

Back 61

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Front 62

steroid

Back 62

backbone of 4 fuses rings

Front 63

spirillum bacteria

Back 63

long rod that is rigid

Front 64

spirochete

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looks like a wave, a snake. long rode that is flexible

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coccus

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spherical, looks like pearl necklace

Front 66

bacillus

Back 66

looks like sausage links

Front 67

glycocalyx

Back 67

layer of polysaccharides lying outside the cell wall

Front 68

nucleoid

Back 68

location of bacterial chromosome

Front 69

ribosomes

Back 69

site of protein synthesis

Front 70

plasma membrane cell wall

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sheath around cytoplasm that regulates entrance and exits of molecules. is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Front 71

mesosome

Back 71

plasma membrane that folds into the cytoplasm and increases surface area

Front 72

fimbraie

Back 72

hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to the surfaces

Front 73

pilus

Back 73

elongated, hollow appendage used for DNA transfer to other bacterial cells

Front 74

inclusion bodies

Back 74

stored nutrients for later use

Front 75

viruses

Back 75

nonliving particles with varied appearance and are non-cellular

Front 76

bacteria phage

Back 76

virus that can infect bacteria

Front 77

bacterial cells have the following features

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cell envelope (glycocalyx, cell wall, plasma membrane), cytoplasm (nucleoid, ribosomes, thylakoids(cyanobacteria), apendages (flagella, sex pili, fimbriae)

Front 78

mitochondria

Back 78

carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules.