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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the three types of macronutrients? |
1. Proteins 2. Carbohydrates 3.fats |
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What are the two main roles of macronutrients? |
1)provide a substance is needed by the body to manufacture New Cell's, replace damaged cells, and for growth. 2) supply energy needed for cellular process, physical and mental activities. |
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What are carbohydrates made up of? |
Carbon, hydrogen, carbon |
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What are simple carbohydrates called |
Monosaccharides and disaccharides |
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What is the equation for glucose |
C6H12O6 |
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What is it called when one molecule of water is lost? |
Enzymatic dehydration synthesis |
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What does glucose+glucose make? |
Maltose+h2O |
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What does glucose + fructose make? |
Sucrose + H2O |
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What does glucose + galactose make? |
Lactose + H2O |
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What is a complex carbohydrate? |
Polysaccharide |
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What is called when the breaking down (catabolism) of Molecules occurs with adding water and an enzyme? |
Enzomatic hydrolysis. |
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What are the 3 disaccharidases |
Maltase, sucrase, and lactase |
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What are lipids composed of? |
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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What are the 6 main functions of fats and lipids? |
1. Storage of energy long term 2. Insulation 3. Membrane structure 4. Hormones (cholesterol type) 5. Vitamins 6. Phospholipids |
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What are fats made up of? |
Glycerol (a Tri-alcohol) and 3 fatty acids |
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Where are steroids manufactured? |
They are a unique lipid manufactured in the liver |
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What are 6 important components for steroids? |
-in cell membranes -bile -gall stones -myelin sheath on neurons -vitamins -hormones |
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Are lipids soluble in water? |
They are generally insoluble |
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What are 3 emulsifying agents? |
Bile Soap Isopropanol |
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What are proteins composed of? |
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen |
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What are proteins made up of? |
Amino acids |
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What are the 8 functions of proteins? |
1. Structural-collagen (tendons, connective tissues) 2. Regulatory-hormones (insulin and adrenaline) 3. Contraction- actin and myosin filaments in the muscles 4. Transport- hemoglobin (carrier molecules) 5. Protective- antibodies (fights infection) 6. Buffers- helps control acidity in the body 7. Enzymes- biological catalysts 8. Energy- poor source, but if cells are desperate they will use the protein. |
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How many different types of amino acids are there? |
20! |
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What is the enzyme called that breaks apart the peptide bond? |
Peptidase |
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What is deamination? |
Break down of amino acids and the removal of NH2 |
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Define denaturation |
An alter to the natural structure state of molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins thereby disturbing their biological activity |
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What is denaturation caused by? |
Temperature pH Chemicals |
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Define excretion |
Materials that was once part of the living tissues of organisms (eg. Carbon dioxide is excreted via lungs) |
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Define Egestion |
Undigested good that has never entered tissues of the body |
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What are the 2 main digestion processes? |
1. Mechanical or physical digestion (teeth) 2. Chemical digestion (enzymes split chemical bonds) |
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What are chemoreceptors? |
Gives taste (taste buds) |
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What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands? |
Parotid, sublingual, and submaxillary |
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What is saliva made up of? |
99% water and 1% amylase |
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How long is the esophagus? |
About 25 cm |
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What is the muscular contraction that moves Bolus down to the stomach? |
Peristalsis |
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What are the 3 layers of smooth involuntary muscles in the stomach? |
1) longitudinal 2) circular 3) oblique |
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What is rugae? |
Many wrinkles or ridges in wall of stomach |
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What are the 4 secretions? |
1. Pepsinogen - turns into pepsin (protein digestion) 2. HCL - hydrochloric acid (converts Pepsinogen to pepsi) 3. Rennin (clots milk) 4. Lipase (gastric) -breaks fats (triglyceride) into 3 fatty acids and glycerol) |
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What is good leaving the pyloric valve called? |
chyme |
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What does the highly folded walls in the small intestine do? |
Increases surface area and increases amount of absorption |
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What are the 3 portions of the small intestine and how long are they? |
Duodenum (25-30 cm) Jejunum (3cm) Ileum (4cm) |
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What are the 4 main functions of the large intestine? |
1) complete absorption of food 2) to make certain vitamins 3) recover water**** (300 mL in 24 hours are re-absorbed) 4. Form and expel feces) |
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What are the 3 sections of the large intestine (Colon) |
Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon |
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What is feces made up of? |
60% solids and 40% H2O |
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Define borborygmus |
Rumbling sound from movement of gas in intestine |
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Define eructation |
Act of belching or raising gas from stomach |
Burping |
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Define flatus |
Gas expelled through anus |
Fart |
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What is the equation for cellular respiration? |
C6H12O6----> CO2 + H2O + ATP |
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How does the nasal cavity play a role in gas exchange? |
•warm, moist (mucus) membranes •ciliated to collect dust debris, other parties •a "good" home for many infections |
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How does the nasal cavity play a role in gas exchange? |
•warm, moist (mucus) membranes •ciliated to collect dust debris, other parties •a "good" home for many infections |
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How does that mean larynx play a role in gas exchange? |
It is a cartilage It's protected by epiglottis Has 2 sets of horizontal folds Contains vocal cords Easily infected |
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Tell me about the trachea (windpipe) |
•Kept opened by series of c-shaped cartilages • ciliated- carry out foreign particles and excessive mucus |
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Tell me about the trachea (windpipe) |
•Kept opened by series of c-shaped cartilages • ciliated- carry out foreign particles and excessive mucus |
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Tell me about the alveoli |
-Surrounded by capillaries -gas exchange occurs here -very thin membranes -moist membrane -numerous -great surface area |
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Define inspiration |
Movement of air into the lungs |
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Define inspiration |
Movement of air into the lungs |
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Define expiration |
Movement of air out of lungs |
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What kind of system is the cardiovascular system? |
A closed continuous system |
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What kind of system is the cardiovascular system? |
A closed continuous system |
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Where is the function of the circulatory system carried out? |
At the capillaries |
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What kind of system is the cardiovascular system? |
A closed continuous system |
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Where is the function of the circulatory system carried out? |
At the capillaries |
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What are the 3 divisions of the circulatory system? |
Systemic - supplying the system Pulmonary - to and from the lungs Coronary - supply the heart |
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Tell me about arteries |
•carries blood away from the heart • thick muscle walls •no valves present • blood travels in spurts •rich I oxygen red coloured (except pulmonary arteries) • high pressure • deep in tissue • less numerous • relies on heart and thick muscle of walls to move blood away from the heart |
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Tell me about veins |
•Carries blood to heart • thin muscled walls • valves present (to prevent back flow) • blood travels slowly and smoothly • low in O2, high in CO2 •low pressure •nearer to body surface • more numerous •relies on help from skeletal muscles to return blood to heart. |
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Tell me about veins |
•Carries blood to heart • thin muscled walls • valves present (to prevent back flow) • blood travels slowly and smoothly • low in O2, high in CO2 •low pressure •nearer to body surface • more numerous •relies on help from skeletal muscles to return blood to heart. |
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What is an electrocardiogram |
Device that measures electrical fields in the heart |
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What are the 2 main factors of blood pressure? |
Cardiac output- amount of blood pumped per minute by ventricles Resistance of arterial blood vessels (blood viscosity, diameter of blood vessels, elasticity of blood vessels) |
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What is vasoconstriction |
Narrowing of the blood vessels |
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What is vasoconstriction |
Narrowing of the blood vessels |
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What is vasodilation |
Enlargement of blood vessels |
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What is systolic pressure |
When ventricles contract |
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What is systolic pressure |
When ventricles contract |
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What is diastolic pressure? |
When ventricles relax and are filling |
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What are the 3 colour pigment names called? |
Carotene - orange and yellow Phycocyanin- blue Phycoerythrin - red |
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