Bio Exam

Front 1

What is the terminology used for the same gene?

Back 1

Homozygous

Front 2

What is the terminology used for different genes

Back 2

Heterozygous

Front 3

Definition of allels

Back 3

Alternative form of a gene

Hint 3

Think ice cream flavas

Front 4

Definition of a monohybrid cross

Back 4

A genetic cross between parents that differ in the allels they possess for one particiluar gene, one parent having two dominant alleks & the other having 2 recessive Allen's

Front 5

Dihybrid cross

Back 5

A cross between 2 different lines that differ in 2 observed traits. Relationship of complete dominant-recessive

Front 6

Difference between monohybrid cross & dihybrid cross

Back 6

Monohybrid is the inheritance of single characters & dihybrid is the inheritance of 2 different characters

Front 7

Difference between genotype & phenotype

Back 7

Genotype- the set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particiluar trait

Phenotype- the physical expression or characteristics of that trait

Front 8

To find the genotype which type of cross would you use?

Back 8

A test cross

Front 9

In order to perform a testcross what did Mendel use

Back 9

Dominant phenotype

Front 10

If a recessive all el is expressed how many genes do you need

Back 10

2

Front 11

With the punnet square if a dominant trait is crossed with a recessive trait, what phenotype appears in the F1, generation in the monohybrid cross?

Back 11

It is always phenotype dominant

Front 12

The F2 generation of a monohybrid cross has what phenotype ration?

Back 12

3/4 showed the dominant phenotype 1/4 showed the recessive phenotype

Front 13

Explain the difference between polygenic inheritance VS. pleiotrophy

Back 13

With pleiotrophy, everyone has different effects to the same condition. With polygenic inheritance it depends on your amount of genes

Front 14

When will the F1, generation yield an intermediate

Back 14

In the first generation

Front 15

Explain the difference between autosome & sex chromosomes?

Back 15

Human chromosomes have 46 pairs, autosomes have non sex pairs.

Front 16

Sex linked genes are determined by which chromosome

Back 16

Chromosome 23,

Front 17

How is the sex of a human determined?

Back 17

Chromosome XX is female

Chromosome Xy is male

They discover by their chromosomes

Hint 17

What chromosomes are male, what chromosomes are female

Front 18

How does drosophillia determine the sex of a human?

Back 18

Drosophillia flies have X & Y chromosomes. As well as autosomes.

Unlike humans, the Y chromosomes doesn't confer maleness.

Front 19

Explain the difference between crossing over & dosage compensation?

Back 19

Crossing over is mixing up the gene pool. Dosage compensation has the ability to inactivate a gene which is called a Barr body.

Front 20

What is the chromosomal make up of Turner Syndrome?

Back 20

XO O indicates missing chromosomes

Front 21

If an indivual IscXXY, is this person male or female? Name the genetic condition

Back 21

Xxy tells Males that have lower IW & Klienhofer Syndrome

Front 22

Explain the difference between sickle cell anemia & hemophilia?

Back 22

Sickle cell had jagged edges cell organs can't bind in these

Front 23

When do symptoms o f Huntington disease occur?

Back 23

When females is 40

Usually between 30 & 50

Front 24

Definition of barrbody

Back 24

Inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell

1 Barr body per gene

Hint 24

What is the female sex chromosomes

Front 25

What function does the SRY chromosomes have?

What chromosome is it found on?

Back 25

It gives males more hair, bigger muscles on chromosome.

Its found on the Y chromosomes

Hint 25

Found on male chromosome

Front 26

If the SRY gene is not present, what may occur?

Back 26

If its not present there is no male characteristics

Front 27

Explain the difference between Prader Will Syndrome and angel man syndrome

Back 27

PVS is when father gives offspring damaged father gives offspring damaged chromosome 15 learning disability

Angel man syndrome is given by the mother, more aggression psych issues

Front 28

What factor in Griffith's early work lead to further study in inheritance and passing on of genetic material?

Back 28

For every protein or gene you need an enzyme

Front 29

In a nucleotide on which carbon is the nitrogenous base And phosphate found?

Back 29

Carbon 1 attaches 2 base phosphate 2 carbon 5

Front 30

In Griffith's experiment with mice, what occurred when he injected a mouse with heat treated virulent organism mixed with non virulent organism? What occurred when he injected the mouse only with heat treated organism?

Back 30

Virulent causes diseases nonvirulent organisms won't die NV won't cause disease, he found heat vigilant organisms and 1 gene 1 protein 1 enzyme theory

1 NV organism and 1 NV organism =dead mouse heat helps organism live

Front 31

In which direction does DNA synthesis move in relation to the template? On which carbon is the new nucleotide added when forming the new DNA strand?

Back 31

New DNA template from 3 prime to 5 prime goes 5-3,

Front 32

On which carbon is the new nucleotide added when forming the new DNA strand?

Back 32

Carbon 5

Front 33

Name the bond that holds the double helix together?

Back 33

Hydrogen bond

Hint 33

HD HD

Front 34

Explain semiconserative method of DNA replication

Back 34

Its the way DNA is made each strand is independent

Front 35

What is the role of primase and polymerase in DNA Replication?

Back 35

Primase starts process.

Polymerase takes over

Front 36

What role does DNA gyrase have?

Back 36

DNA gyrase prevents supercoiling or tangled up Dna

Hint 36

Think Spidey webs

Front 37

In DNA replication the strand that is called lagging/discontinuous will be put together by which enzyme

Back 37

Making new Dna one strand will be held together its discontinuous and ligase ties together fragments to make complete double helix to put in cell

Hint 37

Double helix dna replication

Front 38

If you have a DNA strand with the following sequence acggtataccg what sequence will the new strand have?

Back 38

Dna strand a binds to t. G binds to c

Front 39

What role does replisome have in DNA replication?

Back 39

The replisome is like a suitcase containing enzymes has DNA to get process going primase helicase into a primo so me which is a DNA polymerase

Front 40

Name the items replisome contains?

Back 40

It contains double strands of Dna

Front 41

UV light damage causes what type of DNA mutation?

Back 41

Skin cancer

Front 42

Name the system that will repair UV light damage

Back 42

Photoliase makes double Ts caused by UV detach

Front 43

Name the 2 stages of protein expression

Back 43

Transcription. Translation.

Front 44

In which area does transcription occur

Back 44

Eukaryotic cells

Front 45

Where does translation occur?

Back 45

On functional ribosomes

Front 46

What's the role of mRNA?

Back 46

It gets into nucleus translation if messenger RNA strand it needs a way to start processes.

Front 47

Explain the difference between a codon & a triplet?

Back 47

A triplet has 3 nitrogenous bases.

Codon has 1 of 20 amino acids.

Front 48

What are the introns and exons found on the mRNA strand?

Back 48

They are found on mRNA because the strand has to be fixed before it goes into the nucleus

Front 49

In which areas of the cell do the introns get removed?

Back 49

Segments of strand are called introns the cell will take off introns which are useless info fragments are called exons which will be sliced and cell will put a cap and tail in order to protect important info

Hint 49

Cap and tail for introns

Front 50

List the role of ribosomal RNA and transfer rna

Back 50

RRNA holds mRNA in place. Area where bonds occur entry and exit of TRNA .

TRNA transfer rna brings amino acids back to rrna

Front 51

Name the region of TRNA that binds to mrna

Back 51

2, parts bottom part: anti codon. Top is where amino acids bind

Hint 51

TRNA top RNA

Front 52

Name the type of bond that attaches amino acids?

Back 52

Peptide bonds

Front 53

In which area of the functional ribosomes does peptide bond formation occur?

Back 53

P-peptide bond. E-exit. A-trabsport entrance.

Front 54

Transfer RNA leaves from which area of the functional ribosomes?

Back 54

Semiconserative

Front 55

Explain the main difference between in I at I on of DNA replication and that of translation?

Back 55

Translation takes/makes amino acids to form proteins.

Front 56

Explain the main difference between iniation of DNA replication and that of translation

Back 56

Messenger RNA makes proteins

Front 57

What is the difference between start and stop codons

Back 57

If you have sequence AUG it is a start codon

Takes 3 put them together then go on to the next start codon

A polypeptide chain is a start codon is when process begins

3, possible letters thus part is clipped off no amino acid associates

Front 58

List the first amino acid on a eukaryotic polypeptide chain

Back 58

Methanine