Bio Exam

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Solution

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Solute dissolved, in another substance, Solvent

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Solvent

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Able to dissolve other substances

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Solute

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The lesser component of a solution, dissolved into solvent

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Mole

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Amount of a substance that is numerically equal to molecular weight

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Avigadros #

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6.02x10^23

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Cohesion

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The sticking together of particles of the same substance

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Adhesion

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The sticking together of particles of different substances

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Specific heat

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Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of thay substance by 1 degree celsius

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Monomer

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A molecule that can be bonded to other idebtical molecules to form a polymer

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Polymer

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A substance that has a molecular structure consisting of a large number of similar units bonded together

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Macromolecule

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Polymers with molecular weights exceeding 1, 000

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Hydroxyl

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OH

Function: Polar. Hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules. Enables linkage to other molecules by condensation.

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Aldehyde

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Carbonyl, COH

Function: very reactive. Important in building molecules in energy releasing reactions.

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Keto

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Carbonyl, CO

Function: is important in carbohydrates and in energy reactions

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Carboxyl

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COOH

Function: Acidic. Ionizes in living tissue to form -COOnegative and Hpositive. Enters into condesation reaction by giving up -OH. Some carboxylic acids important in energy releasing reactions.

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Amino

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NH2

Function: Basic. Accepts Hpositive in living tissues to form NH3positive. Enters into condensation reactions by giving up Hpositive.

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Phosphate

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PO4

Function: Acidic. Enters into condesation reactions by giving up OH. When bonded tobother phosphate, hydrolysis releases much energy.

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Sulfhydryl

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By gicing up H, two SH groups can react to form a didulfide bridge, thus stablizing protein structure.

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Isomer

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Molecules that have the same chemical formula (the same kinds and numbers of atoms) but with the atoms arranged differently

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Protein

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Polymers made up of 20 amino acids in different proprtions and sequences

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Polypeptide chains

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Unbranched polymers of covalently linked amino acids

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Amino acid

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Has both a carboxyl functional group and an amino functional group attached o the same carbon atom.

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Primary structure

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precise sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds

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Secondary structure

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Consists of regular, repeated spatial patterns in different regions of a polypetide chain. Type of secondary structure determined by hydrogen bonding between the amino acids that make up the primary structure, helix, pleated sheet.

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Alpha helix

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Results from hydrogen bonds between Hpositive ion of the N-H of one amino and the Onegative of the C=O of another.

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Pleated sheet

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Formed from two or more polypeptide chains thay are almost completely extended and aligned. Stabilized by hydrogen bonds between N-H groups onnone chain and C=O groups on the other.

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Tertiary structure

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polypeptide chain bent at specific sites and folded back and forth. Unique to each protein.

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Denatured protein

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Heat energy disrupts secondary and tertiary structure of proteins

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Quaternary structure

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Results from the ways two ir more polypeptide chains bind togethet and interact

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Chaperones

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class of protein that protects three dimensional structures of other proteins.

Cagelike structure, pulls in a denatured or premature polypeptide, causes it to fold into the correct shape and releases it

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Carbohydrate

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Stored energy that can be released in a form usable by organisms

transport stored energy within organism

carbon skeletons that can be rearranged to form new molecules

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Monosaccharides

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Such as glucose, are simple sugars. They are monomera from which the larger carbohydrates are constructed

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Disaccharides

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Consist of two monosaccarides li ked together by covalent bonds.

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Obligosaccharides

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made up of several monosaccharides (3-20)

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Polysaccharides

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Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers made up of hundres or thousands of monosaccharides

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Pentoses

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Five carbon sugars. Bacmbones of nucleic acids RNA and DNA

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Hexoses

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Group of structural isomers with the formula C6H12O6. Forms chitin, exoskeltons, structural.

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Enzymes

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Speed up biochemical reactions

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Structural proteins

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Provide physical stability and movement

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Defensive proteins

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Recognize and respond to nonself substances e.g antibodies

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Signaling proteins

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Control physiological processes e.g hormones

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Receptor proteins

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Recieve and respknd to chemical signals

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Membrane transporters

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Regulate passagr of substancea across cellular membranes

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Storage proteins

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Store amino acids for later use

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Transport proteins

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Bind and carry substances within the organism

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Gene regulatory proteins

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Determine thr raye of expression of a gene

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Condensation reaction

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Result in thr formation of covalrnt bonds between monomers. A molecule of water is released with each covalent bond formed

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Hydrolysis reaction

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Result in the breakdown of polymers into their component. Consumes water