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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tissue Banks |
Every state in US has at least 1 |
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Biological Tissue |
A group of similar cells substrates that have combined to perform a single function |
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Types of Tissues |
1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscular 4. nervous |
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Epithelial Tissue |
-covers body, lines all cavities -Stacking -> simple (1 row), stratified (more rows) -Shapes -> squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
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Connective Tissue |
-Binds, supports, anchors body together -Below epithelium -Composed of cells suspended in fibrous network -Collagen fibers (Strong) -Elastin fibers (Stretchy) *Specialized kinds: -bone -cartilage -blood/lymph -adipose (energy storage) |
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Muscle Tissue |
-Skeletal (Voluntary) -Smooth (Involuntary) -Cardiac (Rhythmic)
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Nervous Tissue |
-Coordinate responses to stimuli -Neurons are the workhorse
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Tissues join forces to form organs |
-Work to maintain homeostasis -Balance/Stability |
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Organ Systems of Humans |
-Integumentary -Nervous -Respiratory -Cardiovascular -Digestive -Urinary -Lymphatic -Endocrine -Reproductive |
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Skin (General) |
-Largest organ in body -20% of total body weight |
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Functions of Skin |
-Protection (pathogens, UV light, Water loss) -Sensation -Thermoregulation (insulation: fat/hair, heat loss: sweat) Metabolic (synthesize Vitamin D for bone formation) |
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3 layers of skin |
-epidermis (epithelium) -Dermis (connective tissue) -subcutaneous (Connective tissue w/ fat)
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Epidermis |
1. Stratum Basale -at dermal-epidermal junction -progenitor cells for all layers -Keratin increases as cells move up 2. Stratum spinosum -usually thickest layer -actively synthesizing keratins 3. Stratum corneum -15-20 layers of squamous, keratinized cells -continuously shed |
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Skin Cancer |
-1/3 of all cancers -Basal cell carcinoma (dangerous) -squamous cell carcinoma (rarely lethal)
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Hair on Skin |
Thick skin - hairless Thin skin - Hairy |
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Cells of the Epidermis |
1. Keratinocytes -most numerous -stratified squamous keratinized 2. Langerhans Cells -patrol/eat invaders -defense 3. melanocytes -pigment producing |
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Melanocytes |
-melanin accumulates in vesicles -transported to tips of cell -Keratinocytes "eat" tips -transported around nucleus
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Tactile Cells |
sensation |
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Dermis |
-many projections -highly vascularized -provides nutrients for epidermis
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Friction Blisters |
Fluid filled spaces between epidermis/dermis |
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Subcutaneous Layer (hypodermis) |
-binds loosely to organs (fascia, skin slides) -Many adipocytes -Vessels at subcutaneous layer boundary promotes rapid uptake of drugs |
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Hair (general) |
-elongated keratin structure -formed by keratinocytes in hair follicle -melanin taken up by keratinocytes -muscle contraction =erect hair
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Sebaceous Glands |
-most of body, except thick skin -sebum (lipids/wax, maintains stratum corneum/hair shafts) -Acne |
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Sweat Glands |
-thermoregulation -evaporative heat loss -most numerous in foot soles -stinky
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The Heart left/right |
Right pump - received O2 poor blood from tissues/ pumps blood to lungs
Left Pump - received O2 rich blood from lungs/pumps blood to tissues
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Major Chambers of Heart |
1. Atrium (receiving chambers) 2. Ventricles (Pumping chambers) |
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Size/location of heart |
-about size of fist -apex (tip) points to left hip -sits on diaphragm
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3 layers of heart |
1.endocardium (thin inner layer of epithelium/CT) 2. Myocardium (muscle arranged in circular bundles/ensures blood is pumped in correct direction) 3. Pericardium (outer layer of simple squamous epithelium)
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Pericarditis |
Inflammation of the pericardium -pericardium toughens -pericardial cavity fills w/ excess fluid -could be treated using antibiotics |
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4 chambers of heart |
-atrium/ventricles separated by: -septums (dividing walls) -valves (swinging doors) Valves control blood flow direction |
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No Back Washing |
valves anchored to muscle by Chordae Tendinae (heart strings) |
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Heart sounds |
lub-dub, lub-dub (valves closing) |
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What happens when valves malfunction? |
heart murmur |
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Does your heart need brain to work? |
Not technically, it wills till beat without it for a little |
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Pacemaker cells in heart |
Sinoatrial (SA) node --> pacemaker -generates rhythmic impulses -fires ~75 times a minute
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Detecting electrical activity in heart |
electrocardiogram (ECG) -graphic record of heart activity |
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Phases of an ECG |
1. P Wave (firing of SA node, Atrium Contraction) 2. QRS Wave (Ventricular firing/Atrial recovery) 3. T Wave (Ventricular Recovery) |
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Pacemaker Cell Defects |
-Arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms) -Fibrillation (Rapid/irregular out-of-phase contractions)
-could be fixed with pacemaker/defibrillators (shockers) |
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Blood Vessels |
-stretch for ~60,000 miles -composed of arteries, capillaries, and veins |
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Arteries/Cappilaries/Veins |
Arteries: -away from heart -high pressure Capillaries: -small vessels -medium pressure Veins -Towards heart -lower pressure |
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Muscle around arteries/veins |
Arteries -> lots of muscle veins -> little muscle
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Order of blood vessels from heart 1 |
1. elastic arteries -directly from heart -thick elastic middle -blood flows continuously -recoil from pressure propels blood forward |
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Order of blood vessels from heart 2 |
Muscular arteries -distribute blood to organs -many layers of smooth muscle (regulate blood pressure)
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Order of Blood vessels from heart 3 |
Capillaries -metabollic exchange -single layer of endothelial cells -small but numerous -red blood cells go through single filed -90% of body's vasculature |
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Order of Blood vessels from heart 4 |
Veins -bring blood to heart/thin middle/little muscle/low pressure -transport blood undertow pressure against gravity
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venous valves |
-keep blood from flowing backwards -resemble heart valves |
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varicose veins |
-leaky valves allow blood to collect in veins
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how veins stay under pressure
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-muscular pump skeletal muscles surrounding veins, "milk" blood up your body |
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Monitoring blood pressure |
-baroreceptors -stretch receptors in large arteries -instruct body to change blood pressure
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Atherosclerosis |
-disease of elastic/muscular arteries vessels become hard/blocked -can be fixed by stents, bypass surgery, balloon angioplasty -if not fixed: brain aneurysm, heart attack, ischemic stroke |
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Blood Functions |
1. distribution -deliver oxygen, hormones, transport cellular wastes 2. regulation -maintain body temp 3. protection -prevent infection (transport immune cells) |
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Components of blood |
1. Plasma -55% of whole blood 2. Buffy Coat -white blood cells/platelets 3. Red Blood Cells -45% of whole blood (hermatocrit) |
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Blood general |
-transports gases around -makes up about 8% of body weight -Adults have 5-6L of blood (1.5 gallons) |
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Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) |
-lack nucleus/organelles -can change shape in vessels -hemoglobin transports O2/CO2 -immune cells destroy old RBCs -last ~100 days -unable to make new proteins or divide -hemoglobin begins to degenerate
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Anemia |
-Too many RBCs destroyed -sicle cell anemia (mutation in a single amino acid of hemoglobin) (causes hemoglobin chains to link together) (deformed RBCs rupture easily and dam up capillaries) |
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Polycythemia |
-excess red blood cells -blood becomes thick sludge -causes: -bone marrow cancer -less oxygen available (high altitudes)
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Leukocytes (white blood cells) |
-less than 1% of total blood volume -immune cells : defend against pathogens/numbers increase w/ infection -enter tissue from blood circulation |
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2 categories of leukocytes |
-Granulocytes -visible cytoplasmic "granules" -neutrophils/eosinophils/basophils -Agranulocytes -no visible cytoplasmic granules -lymphocytes -monocytes |
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(neutrophils (granular) |
-aggressive bacteria slayers -granules contain: -hydrolytic enzymes -anti-microbial protiens -secrete bleach and hydrogen peroxide -multi-blood nuclei |
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eosinophils (granular) |
-defend against parasitic worms -release enzymes that kill worms
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basophils (granular) |
-granules contain histomines -increase vascular permeability -play a role in allergies -very granular |
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Lymphocytes (agranular) |
-most found in lymphoid tissues lymph nodes/spleen B lymphocytes (antibodies) T lympocytes (helpers) -round nucleus
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Monocytes (agranular) |
Big appeties "eat" pathogens and RBCs |
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NLMEB (abundance of leukocytes in blood) |
Never Let Men Eat Booty |
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Leukocyte disorders (WBCs) |
-Overproduction -> Leukemia (WBC Cancer) -> non functional leukocytes continuously proliferate ->mononucleousis (kissing disease) -> elevated a granulocytes, caused by viral infection
-under production -> Leukopenia (caused by cancer drugs) |
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Platelets |
-cytoplasmic fragments -form "plugs" in damaged blood vessels -granules contain factors for clotting process |
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Bleeding disorders |
-thrombocytopenia .>low platelet levels (cancer drugs) spontaneous bleeding -hemophilia -> inability to form blood clots/genetic disorder lacking a specific clotting factor |
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Lymphatic system |
-network of vessels that take up fluid from the interstitial space and return it to the blood |
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lymphatic capillaries |
-one-way street -ends have mini valves anchored to connective tissue -increased fluid levels pull mini valves apart
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where does lymph go? |
-through series of lymph nodes, then eventually to the heart -movement aided by muscle contractions
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lymph vessels act like veins |
-under low pressure -must fight gravity -use same mechanisms as veins ->valves/milking with skeletal muscle |
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lymph general |
-cleanses of debris/surveyed for pathogens -travels through lymph nodes -immune cells detect/eliminate pathogens |
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lymph nodes |
-solid spherical bodies that cluster along lymphatic vessles -provide a meeting/surveillance/proliferation site for immune cells |
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immune cells in the lymph: node |
1. lymphocytes (soldiers) -t cells/b cells 1. antigen presenting cells (intelligence) -macrophages (eat foreign substances/present antigens - pathogen parts -dendritic cells (capture antigens in tissues and bring them to the lymph node)
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structure of lymph nodes |
-lymph comes in -medulla - > draining sinuses -cortex - > dividng B Cells (germinal centers)surrounded by DCs T cells in transit -screened lymph leaves |
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lymphoid organs |
-spleen -immune surveillance of blood -removes old RBCs tonsils -trap/remove pathogens entering throat -produce immunity for later |
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pathogen |
harmful or disease-inducing microorganism |
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1st line of defense |
skin/membranes ->physical barriers -produce protective factors -acid (skin/stomach) -enzymes (saliva/tears) -mucus (traps microorganisms) |
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2nd line of defense |
innate immune cells (nonspecific killers) -macrophages -derived from blood monocytes -search tissue fro debris or foreign invaders |
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3rd line of defense |
inflammation -agressive stabs body take to eliminate/fix problems -triggered by tissue injury or infection -response includes physiological changes/calling for back up |
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5 signs of imflammation |
-heat -redness -swelling -pain -loss of function |
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calling for back up |
-chemical alarm recruits immune cells to injured or infected area -neutrophils are first responders secrete bleach / h202 |
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cellular recruitment |
-inflammatory singlans increase neutrophil #s in blood -leukocytosis - neutrophils enter blood from blood marrow -rolling - neutrophils cling to capillary wall -diapedesis - neutrophils flatten/squeeze into tissue -chemotaxis - neutrophils follow chemical trail/movement up a chemical gradient (to injury/infection) |
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clean up crew |
monocytes follow neutrophils into tissue and clean up damage/debris |
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fever |
-infection is widespread -leukocyte factors raise body temp inhibit bacterial growth increase metabolic rate of cells |
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adaptive immunity worth the wait |
-specificity -systemic protection -memory |
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adaptive immunity responds to antigens |
-antigen (antibody generation) -molecular sequences not normally found in body -stimulate immune cells
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T/B cell education |
-t cells educated in thymus -b cells educated in bone marrow -educated cells go to lymph node |
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Immune response |
each lymphocyte (t or b) has unique receptors that only recognize one specific antigen |
