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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gene
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Unit of instruction for a protein (comes form proteins)
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Allele
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Different molecular forms of a gene
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Diploid
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Having 2 homologous chromosomes
1 gene = 1 trait = 1 protein |
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Gamenes (RL, Rl, rl) are haploid
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Organisms are diploid (Ex: RrLl)
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Haploid
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Having one of each chromosome
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Homozygous
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Having two identical alleles for a gene
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Heterozygous
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Having two different alleles for a gene
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Dominant (or "normal")
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Allele form that masks other alleles (uppercase letters)
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Recessive
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Allele form that can be masked (lowercase letters)
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Genotype
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Actual compliment of alleles present
Ex: RR = homozygous, Rr = heterozygous, rr = homozygous |
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Phenotype
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Outward expression of the genotype
Ex: Color, size, etc |
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The Mendelian Principle of Segregation
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"Genotypes get one of each chromosome"
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Sex-linked traits (passed from mother to son)
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Carry info on gender determination, i.e., homomones!
XX = females XY = males |
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Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
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22 are autosomal
1 pair is sex-linked |
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Autosomal traits
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Carry same traits on males and females; no information about gender
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Incomplete dominance
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Heterozygous form has an immediate phenotype.
Each genotype exhibits a different phenotype (RR = red, Rr = pink, rr = white) |
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Codominance
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All alleles are equally expressed.
Ex: Human blood type |
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Evolution
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Genetic change in a population over time
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Population
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A group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area (shared gene pool)
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Darwin's First Conclusion
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Obs. 1: Potential growth of natural populations
Obs. 2: Natural populations are relatively consistent in size Concl. 1: More organisms are born than actually survive and reproduce |
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Darwin's Second Conclusion
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Obs. 3: Individuals of a population vary in fitness
Concl. 2: Fitness determines survival resulting in natural selection |
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Darwin's Third Conclusion
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Obs. 4: Variation is heritable
Concl. 3: Populations change over time in their heritable make -up (genetics) |
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Mutation
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Rare, not goal-oriented, cumulative
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Genetic drift
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Random changes in allele frequencies, genetic bottle necks, and founder effect
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Monomer 1 = Carbohydrates
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Polymer 1 = simple sugars
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Monomer 2 = Lipids
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Polymer 2 = Fatty acids
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Monomer 3 = Proteins
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Polymer 3 = Amino acids
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Monomer 4 = Nucleic acids
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Polymer 4 = Nucleotides
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