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285 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Albumin
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large proteins; plants & animals; in eggs and blood plasma
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Aorta
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major artery carrying OXYGENATED blood AWAY from heart
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Arterioles
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tiny vessels that carry blood from arteries to capillaries
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Artery
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thick; high press; away from heart to organs
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Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
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stimulates excretion of salt from kidneys
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AV node
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b/w R. Atrium and R. ventricle; electrical signals from atrium are slowed briefly before going to ventricle
-allows ventricle to fill w/ blood before contracting |
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Atrium
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thin-walled; receives blood from veins; pumps to ventricle
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Baroreceptors
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specialized nerve cells; walls in heart and major arteries; detect changes in BP and trigger responses by the brain
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Bohr Shift
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Right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve; occurs with decreasing pH
Results in hemoglobin more likely to release oxygen in the acidic enviro |
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Bronchioles
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carry air from bronchi-->alveoli; small tubes in lungs
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Capillaries
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thin blood vessels; permeate all tissues and organs; allows exchange b/w blood & body cells
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Carbonic Anhydrase
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catalyzes formation of carbonic acid; CO2+H20=H2CO3
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Closed Circulatory System
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blood is confined to blood vessels; flows in continuous circuit
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cooperative binding
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protein subunits of hemoglobin affect each other's binding; each bound oxygen molecule increases chances of more O binding
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dead space
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portions of the air passages that are not involved in gas exchange with the blood
ex: trachea, bronchi |
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diaphragm
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sheet-like, elastic; muscular tissue; separates chest and abdominal cavities; contracts and goes down during inhalation (expands chest)
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Diastole
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relaxed atria/ventricles
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
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force exerted by blood against artery walls during relaxation of left ventricle
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Fick's Law of Diffusion
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rates of gas exchange; depends on: 1) Solubility of gas
2) temp 3) membrane's SA 4) partial press diff of gas on each side of membrane 5) thickness of membrane |
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Fight-or-Flight Response
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increased heart rate/breathing rate/blood press
decreased digestion epinephrine |
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heme
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small; binds to four polypeptides to form hemoglobin; contains an Fe atom (binds to O)
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hemoglobin
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oxygen-binding protein; four polypeptide subunits (each w/ heme group); major O carrier
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hypertension
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abnormally high BP
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intercalcated disk
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specialized junction b/w adjacent heart muscle cells; contain gap junctions; allows electrical signals to pass
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lymph
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mix of fluid and WBCs; circulates through ducts and lymph nodes
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lymphatic system
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collects excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the blood; immune system
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Negative Pressure Ventilation
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"pulls" air into lungs by expanding rib cage
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Open Circulatory System
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hemolymph is not confined to blood vessels
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Operculum
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stiff flap of tissue that covers the gills of teleost fishes
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Oxygen-Hemoglobin Equilibrium Curve
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% of hemoglobin that will bind to O at various partial pressures of oxygen
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pacemaker cell
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specialized cardiac muscle cell in SA node; generates electrical impulse that spreads to other heart cells
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Positive Pressure Ventilation
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"pushes" air into the lungs by positive pressure in the mouth
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Pulmonary Artery
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short; thick; carries DEOXYGENATED blood from heart to lungs
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Pulmonary Vein
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short; thin; carries OXYGENATED blood from lungs to heart
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SA Node
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cluster of cardiac muscle cells; Right atrium; initiates heart beat and determines heart rate
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sphincter
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muscular valve that can close off a tube (blood vessel or digestive tract)
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Surfactant
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mix of phospholipids and proteins produced by lung cells; reduces surface tension; allows lungs to expand more
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Systemic Circulation
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sends oxygen-rich blood from lungs to rest of body
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Systole
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contracting heart muscles
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Systolic Blood Pressure
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force exerted by blood on artery walls during contraction of left ventricle
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Vein
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low press; blood from tissues to heart
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Vena Cava
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Large vein that returns oxygen-poor blood to heart
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Ventricle
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thick; receives blood from atrium and pumps it to the body or lungs
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Venules
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small veins (return blood to heart)
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Aldosterone
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hormone produced in adrenal cortex; stimulates kidney to conserve water and salt; promotes retention of sodium
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Ammonia
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small; produced by the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids; very toxic to cell; strong base
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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peptide hormone; secreted from posterior pituitary gland; stimulates water retention by kidney
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antiporter
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carrier protein; allows ion to diffuse down an electrochemical gradient; transports different substance against gradient (opposite)
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Bowman's Capsule
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hollow; double-walled; cup-shaped portion of a nephron; surrounds glomerulus in kidney
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carpel
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female reproductive organ in a flower
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Collecting Duct
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in kidneys; large, straight tube; filtrates from distal tubules of several nephrons; regulated reabsorption of water
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Cotransporter
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transmembrane protein; facilitates diffusion of an ion down its previously established gradient; transports other substance against gradient
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Diabetes Insipidus
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disease caused by defects in kidney's system for conserving water; production of large amounts of dilute urine
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Distal Tubule
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kidney; convoluted portion of a nephron into which filtrate moves from the Loop of Henle; regulated reabsorption of sodium and water
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Glomerulus
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kidney; ball-like cluster of capillaries; surrounded by Bowman's Capsule
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hypertonic
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solution that has a lower solute content and higher water content than another solution
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kidney
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filters blood, produces urine, secretes hormones
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Loop of Henle
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in kidney; long U-shaped loop in a nephron that extends into medulla; countercurrent exchanger; sets up osmotic gradient that allows reabsorption of water
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Malpighian Tube
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major excretory organ of insects; tubes extending from gut to hemocoel; filters hemolymph to form pre-urine and sends to hindgut to process
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Medulla
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innermost part of an organ
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Nephrons
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tiny tubes within kidney; filters blood and concentrates salts to produce urine
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Osmoconformer
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no active regulation of tissue osmolarity; conforms to osmolarity of enviro
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Osmolarity
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concentration of dissolved substances in a solution
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Osmoregulation
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process by which a living organism controls the concentration of water and salts in its body
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Osmoregulator
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actively regulates osmolarity of its tissues
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Ouabain
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plant toxin; poisons sodium-potassium pumps
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Proximal Tubule
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kidney; convoluted section of a nephron into which filtrate moves from Bowman's Capsule; unregulated reabsorption of water, electrolytes, nutrients and water
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Rectal Gland
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salt-excreting gland in the digestive system of sharks, skates and rays
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Renal Corpuscule
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kidney; ball-like; beginning of nephron; consists of glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule; filtrates
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Symporter
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carrier protein; allows an ion to diffuse down electrochemical gradient; transports another in same direction AGAINST gradient
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Sodium/Potassium Pump
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transmembrane protein; uses ATP; sodium out, potassium in
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Ureter
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transports urine from one kidney to bladder
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Urethra
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transports urine from bladder to outside enviro; in males, sperm passage during ejaculation
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Uric Acid
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whitish excretory product of birds, reptiles, and terrestrial arthropods; removes excess nitrogen (from breakdown of amino acids) in body
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Vasa Recta
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kidney; network of blood vessels; runs alongside loop of Henle; reabsorption of water and solutes from filtrate
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Acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter; released by nerve cells at neuromuscular junctions; triggers contraction of muscle cells
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Afferent Division
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sensory neurons; transmits info about the internal and external enviro to the CNS
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Autonomic Nervous System
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part of PNS; controls internal organs and involuntary processes; stomach contractions, heart rate, and hormone release; includes parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
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Axon
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long tail of neuron; makes action potential; transmits to another neuron
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Axon Hillock
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site in a neuron where axon joins cell body; where action potentials are first triggered
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Brain Stem
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most posterior portion of brain; connects to spinal cord; autonomic body functions; heart rate, digestion, respiration
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Cell Body
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contains nucleus; integrates signals
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CNS
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brain and spinal cord
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Cerebellum
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posterior section of brain; balance and coordination;
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Cerebrum
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anterior of brain; left and right hemispheres and four lobes (parietal, temporal, occipital, and frontal)
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Parietal Lobe
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integrates sensory and motor functions
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Frontal Lobe
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complex decision making; higher mental functions; long-term emotional memories
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Occipital Lobe
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receives and interprets visual info
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Temporal Lobe
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memory, speech, and interpreting auditory info
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Corpus Callosum
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separates brain and spinal cord
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Dendrites
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short extension from neuron's cell body; receives signals from other neurons
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Depolarization
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change in membrane potential from its resting negative state to a less negative or positive state; normal phase in an action potential
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Diencephalon
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brain' relays sensory info to the cerebellum; functions in maintaing homeostasis
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Efferent Division
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consists primarily of motor neurons; carries commands from the CNS to the body
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
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change in membrane potential; usually depolarization; neuron dendrite; makes action potential more likely
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Hyperpolarization
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change in membrane potential form its resting negative state to an even more negative state; normal phase in an action potential
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
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change in membrane potential (usually hyper polarization); makes action potential less likely
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Interneuron
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a neuron that passes signals from one neuron to another
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Leak Channel
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Potassium channel that allows potassium ions to leak out of a neuron in its resting state
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Ligand
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any molecule that binds to a specific site on a receptor molecule
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Ligand Gated Channel
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ion channel that opens/closes in response to binding by a certain molecule
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Motor Neuron
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nerve cell that carries signals from CNS to and effector, such as a muscle or gland
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Multiple Sclerosis
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autoimmune disease; attacks myelin sheaths that insulate nerve axons
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Myelin Sheath
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multiple layers of myelin; derived from cell membranes of glial cells; wrapped around axon of neurons; electrical insulation
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Neurotoxin
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any substance that specifically destroys or blocks the normal functioning of neurons
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Nodes of Ranvier
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unmyelinated section; action potential can be made
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Oligodendrocyte
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type of glial cell; wraps around axons of some neurons in the CNS; forms myelin sheath
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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part of autonomic nervous system; stimulates functions for conserving or restoring energy (reduced heart rate; increased digestion)
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PNS
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parts of nervous system outside of CNS; somatic/autonomic nervous systems
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Positive Feedback
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change stimulates a response that increases the change; generates action potential; rare in organisms
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Postsynaptic Neuron
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receives signals (from neurotransmitters) from another neuron at a synapse
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Presynaptic Neuron
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transmits signals (by releasing neurotransmitters) to another neuron or to an effector cell at a synapse
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Refractory
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no longer responding to stimuli that previously had response
-ex: voltage-gated sodium channels to remain closed immediately after an action potential |
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Repolarization
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return to a normal membrane potential after it has changed; normal phase in an action potential
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Schwann Cell
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glial cell; wraps around axons of some neurons outside brain and spinal cord; forms myelin sheath
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Sensory Neurons
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carries signals from sensory receptors to the CNS
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Serotonin
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neurotransmitter; brain functions; sleep, pleasure, mood
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Summation
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additive effect of diff postsynaptic potentials at a nerve or muscle cell; can cause action potential
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Somatic Nervous System
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PNS; controls skeletal muscles; voluntary
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Autonomic nervous system; stimulates fight-or-flight responses;
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synapse
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interface b/w two neurons or b/w neuron and effector cell
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synaptic cleft
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space at synapse where neurotransmitters diffuse
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synaptic plasticity
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long-term changes in response or structure of a synapse; can occur after certain stimulation patterns; basis of learning and memory?
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synaptic vesicle
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small; neurotransmitter-containing vessel; at end of axon; releases neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft by exocytosis
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Voltage-gated Ion Channel
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ion channel that opens/closes in response to changes in membrane voltages
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articulation
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movable point of contact b/w two bones of a skeleton
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Basilar membrane
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membrane in cochlea on which the bottom portion of hair cells sit
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Bipolar cell
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cell in retina; receives info from one or more photoreceptors and passes it to other bipolar cells or ganglion cells
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Camera Eye
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vertebrates and cephalopods; hollow chamber with hole at one end (light enters); sheet of light-sensitive cells against opposite wall
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cardiac muscle
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muscle tissue of heart; long, branched fibers; electrically connected and initiate contractions; involuntary
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cartilage
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connective tissue; relatively few scattered cells; stiff matrix or polysaccharides and protein fibers
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chemoreceptor
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sensory cell or organ specialized for detection of specific molecules
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cochlea
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hearing organ; inner ear of mammals, birds, and crocodilians; coiled and fluid-filled tube containing specialized pressure-sensing neurons (hair cells) that detect sounds of different pitches
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Compound Eye
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many independent light-sensing columns (ommatidia); in arthropods
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cone cell
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photoreceptor cell; cone-shaped outer portion; sensitive to bright light of a certain color
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Cornea
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transparent sheet of connective tissue; front of eye; protects eye and helps focus light
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Echolocation
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use of echoes from vocalizations to obtain info about location of objects
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Electroreceptor
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sensory cell/organ; detects electric fields
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Extensor
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muscle that pulls two bones farther apart; extension of limb or spine
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Flexor
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muscle that pulls two bones closer together; flexing of a limb or spine
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fovea
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eye; part of retina where incoming light is focused; high amount of cone cells
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Ganglion Cell
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neuron in retina; collects visual info from one or several bipolar cells; sends to brain via optic nerve
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Gustation
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perception of taste
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Hair Cell
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pressure-detecting sensory cell; found in cochlea
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
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body support; fluid-filled compartments; can change shape, but not easily compressed
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Inner Ear
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innermost portion of ear; fluid-filled system of tubes (chochlea and semicircular canals (balance))
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Iris
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ring of pigmented muscle; below cornea; contracts/expands to control amount of light entering through pupil
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Lateral Line System
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Pressure-sensitive sensory organ; aquatic vertebrates
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Lens
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transparent, crystalline structure; focuses incoming light onto a retina or other light-sensing
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Mechanoreceptor
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sensory cell/organ; detects distortions caused by touch or pressure; hair cells in cochlea
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Middle Ear
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air-filled middle portion of ear; three small bones (ossicles) that transmit and amplify sound from tympanic membrane to inner ear; connected to throat via eustachian tube
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Nociceptor
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sensory cell/organ; detects tissue damage; usually produces pain sensation
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Olfaction
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perception of smell
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Olfactory Bulb
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bulb-shaped projection of brain above nose; receives and interprets smell info from nose
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Ommatidium
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light-sensing column in arthropod's compound eye
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Opsin
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transmembrane protein; covalently linked to retinal; light-detecting pigment in rod and cone cells
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Optic Nerve
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bundle of neurons; eye to brain
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Outer Ear
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outermost portion of ear; consists of pinna (ear flap) and ear canal; funnels sound to the tympanic membrane
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Oval Window
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membrane separating cochlea (fluid-filled) from middle ear (air-filled); sound vibrations pass from middle to inner ear
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Pheromone
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chemical signal; released by one individual into external enviro; can trigger responses in a diff individual
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Photoreceptor
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molecule, cell or organ; detects light
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pitch
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frequency of sound; low pitch=low frequency; high pitch=high frequency
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pupil
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hole in center of iris; light enters
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Retina
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thin layer of light-sensitive cells and neurons at back of camera eye
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Retinal
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light-absorbing pigment; derived from Vitamin A; linked to opsin in rods and cones
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Rhodopsin
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transmembrane complex; detection of light; composed of opsin covalently linked to retinal
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Rod Cell
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photoreceptor cell; rod-shaped outer portion; sensitive to dim light; not used to distinguish colors
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
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sheets of smooth ER in a muscle cell; high concentrations of calcium, which released to trigger contraction
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Skeletal Muscle
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striated; attached to bones; long, unbranched muscle fibers; voluntary
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Sliding-Filament Model
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thin (actin) & thick (myosin) slide by each other; shortening sarcomere, which results in contraction of the myofibril
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Smooth Muscle
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unstriated muscle tissue; lines intestine, blood vessels; tapered, unbranched cells that can sustain long contractions; involuntary
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Stapes
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last of three small bones (ossicles) in middle ear; receives vibrations form the tympanic membrane; vibrates against the oval window to pass to the cochlea
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Statocyst
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sensory organ or arthropods; detects animal's orientation
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stereocilium
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stiff outgrowth from surface of a hair cell; involved in detection of sound
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T Tubule
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membranous tubes that extend into interior of muscle cells; make action potentials throughout a muscle cell; triggers release of calcium from SR
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Tectorial Membrane
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membrane in cochlea; takes part in transduction of sound by bending hair cells in response to sonic vibrations
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Tendon
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tough, fibrous connective tissue; connects muscle to bone
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Thermoreceptor
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sensory cell/organ; detects temperature changes
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Troponin
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regulatory protein; present in actin (thin) filaments; move tropomyosin off myosin-binding sites; triggers muscle contraction; activated by high calcium
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Tympanic Membrane
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membrane separating middle ear from outer ear
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Umami
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taste of glutamate; "meaty" taste of most proteins
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Adrenal gland
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two, small endocrine glands above each kidney; outer portion (cortex) secretes steroid hormones; inner (medulla) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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peptide hormone; produced and secreted by anterior pituitary; stimulates release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
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Anterior Pituitary
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contains endocrine cells; produce/release peptide hormones in response to other hormones from hypothalamus
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Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
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stimulates excretion of salt from kidneys
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Autocrine
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signal that affects same cell it was produced and released from
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catecholamine
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small compounds; derived from tyrosine (amino acid); hormones/neurotransmitters; epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
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cholecystokinin
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peptide hormone; secreted by cells in lining of small intestine; stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver/gallbladder
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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
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peptide hormone; produced/secreted by hypothalamus; stimulates ant. pituitary to release ACTH
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Cortisol
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steroid hormone; produced/secreted by adrenal cortex; increases blood glucose and prepares body for stress
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Cushing's Disease
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endocrine disorder; loss of feedback inhibition of cortisol on ACTH secretion; high ACTH and cortisol levels and wasting of body protein reserves
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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small; from ATP; used in transduction and transcription
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Cytokine
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autocrine signaling proteins; secreted by immune system cells; stimulates leukocyte production, tissue repair, and fever; regulates intensity and duration of immune response
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Dopamine
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catecholamine neurotransmitter; muscle control and hypothalamic inhibitory hormone; inhibits release of prolactin from interior pituitary
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Ecdysone
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insect hormone; triggers molting/metamorphosis depending on level
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Endocrine Gland
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secretes hormones directly into bloodstream or interstitial fluid; NO DUCTS
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Epinephrine
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catecholamine hormone; produced/secreted by adrenal medulla; triggers rapid responses; fight-or-flight
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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peptide hormone; released by kidney; response to low bloody-oxygen levels; stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBCs
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Exocrine Gland
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DUCTS; secretes substance some place other than circulatory tract (digestive tract, skin surface)
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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peptide hormone; produced/secreted by ant. pituitary; females: stimulates growth of eggs and ovarian follicles; males: stimulates sperm production
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Glucagon
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peptide hormone; produced by pancreas in response to low glucose levels; raises blood glucose by triggering breakdown of glycogen & stimulating gluconeogenesis
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glucocorticoid
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steroid hormone; produced/secreted by adrenal cortex; increases blood glucose; prepares body for stress; Includes cortisol & corticosterone
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Growth Hormone (GH)
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peptide hormone; produced/secreted by ant pituitary; lengthening of long bones in kids; muscle growth, tissue repair, & lactation in adults
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holometabolous metamorphosis
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completely changes form
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Hypothalamus
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maintains body's physiological state by regulating autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, body temp, water balance, and appetite
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Insulin
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peptide hormone; produced by pancreas in response to high levels of glucose; enables cells to absorb glucose & coordinates synthesis of fats, proteins, and glycogen
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Juvenile Hormone
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insect hormone; prevents larvae from metamorphosing into adults
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Leptin
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hormone produced/secreted by fat cells; stabilizes fat tissue mass by inhibiting appetite & increasing energy expenditure
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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peptide hormone; produced/secreted by ant pituitary; stimulates estrogen production, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum (females); testosterone production (males)
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mineralocorticoid
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steroid hormone; produced/secreted by adrenal cortex; regulates electrolyte levels & overall volume of body fluids; Aldosterone
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Mullerian inhibitory substance
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peptide hormone; secreted by embryonic testis; causes regression (withering away) of female reproductive ducts
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negative feedback
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self-limiting, corrective response; deviation in some variable triggers responses to return variable to normal
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neuroendocrine
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neurons that release hormones into blood or to such hormones themselves
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neurosecretory cell
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produces/secretes hormones into the bloodstream; hypothalamus
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norepinephrine
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catecholamine hormone; used as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system; produced by adrenal medulla; triggers rapid responses of fight-or-flight
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oxytocin
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peptide hormone; secreted by posterior pituitary; triggers labor/milk production in females; stimulates pair bonding, parental care, & affiliative behavior in both sexes
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Pancreas
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large gland; exocrine & endocrine; Secretes digestive enzymes into a duct connected to the intestine & hormones (insulin/glucagon) into bloodstream
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paracrine
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chemical signal released by one cell & affects neighboring cells
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parathyroid gland
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four small glands; near/in thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone
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phosphorylase
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enzyme; breaks down glycogen by catalyzing hydrolysis of a-glycosidic linkages b/w glucose residues
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pituitary gland
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small gland directly under brain; physically/functionally connected to hypothalamus; produces/secretes many hormones that affect others
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posterior pituitary
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contains ends of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells; from which oxytocin/antidiuretic hormones are secreted
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prolactin (PRL)
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peptide hormone; produced/secreted by ant pituitary; promotes milk production (females); effects parental behavior & seasonal reproduction
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secretin
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peptide hormone; produced by small intestine cells in response to arrival of food from stomach; stimulates secretion of bicarbonate (HCO3–) from pancreas
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somatostatin
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hormone secreted by pancreas and hypothalamus; inhibits release of several other hormones
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thyroid gland
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gland in neck; releases thyroid hormone (increases metabolism) & calcitonin (lowers blood calcium)
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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peptide hormone; produced/secreted by ant pituitary; stimulates release of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland
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thyroxine (T4)
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peptide hormone; contains 4 iodine atoms; produced/secreted by thyroid; increases cellular metabolism; T4 converted to the more active hormone triiodothyronine (T3) in the liver
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triidothyrodine (T3)
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peptide hormone; contains 3 iodine atoms; produced/secreted by thyroid; increases cellular metabolism; T3 has stronger effect than hormone throxine (T4)
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Acquired Immunity
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antibodies and activated B and T cells following exposure to the antigen; specific, diverse, memory, self-nonself recognition
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Agglutination
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cells clumping together; caused by antibodies
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AIDS
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caused by HIV; autoimmune disease; death of immune system cells (helper T cells and macrophages)
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Allergy
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abnormal response to an antigen; blood vessels dilate, smooth muscle cells contract, & increased activity by mucous-secreting cells
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Antigen
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foreign particle; stimulates specific immune response
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Antigen Presentation
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small peptides from ingested antigens are complexed with MHC proteins; transported to cell surface so T cells can recognize them
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Autoimmunity
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immune system attacks own's cells/tissues
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B cells
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type of leukocyte; matures in bone marrow; acquired immunity (& T cells); produces antibodies; functions in antigen presentation
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B-cell Receptor (BCR)
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immunoglobulin protein (antibody) embedded in membrane of mature B cells; antigens bind
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Bone Marrow
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soft tissue filling inside of long bones; contains stem cells that develop into RBCs and leukocytes
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CD4
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membrane protein; on surface of some T-cells; CD4+ T cells can make helper Ts
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CD8
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membrane protein; on surface of some T-cells; CD8+ T cells can make cytotoxic Ts
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cell-mediated (immune) response
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geneeration of cytotoxic T cells from CD8+ Ts; Defends against infected, cancer & transplanted cells
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Chemokine
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chemical signal; attracts leukocytes to a site of tissue injury/infection
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Class I MHC Molecules
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MHC protein; on membrane of nucleated cells; presents antigen to CD8+ Ts
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Class II MHC Molecules
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MHC protein; membrane of dendritic cells, macrophages & B-cells; presents antigen to CD4+ Ts
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Clonal Selection Theory
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explains development of acquired immunity; immune system retains inactive lymphocytes (w/ unique receptor for a unique antigen); Lymphocytes that encounter their antigens divide & produce daughter cells to combat infection/give immunity
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Complement System
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set of proteins that circulate in bloodstream; form holes in bacteria membrane which leads to their destruction
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Constant Region
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portion of antibody chain that has same amino acid sequences in the antibodies produced by every B cell
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Cytotoxic T-cell
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effector T-cell; destroys infected/cancer cells; from an activated CD8+ T-cell that has interacted with antigen on infected cell
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dendritic cell
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leukocyte; ingests/digests foreign antigens, moves to a lymph node, presents antigen displayed on membrane to CD4+ Ts
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Epitope
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small region of antigen where B/T receptor cells bind
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Heavy Chain
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large;antibody; variable (V) and constant (C)
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Helper T-Cell
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effector T-cell; secretes cytokines; promotes activation of other lymphocytes; descended from an activated CD4+ T
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Histamine
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released from mast cells during inflammatory response; blood vessels dilate/become more permeable
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Humoral Immune Response
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generation of antibody-secreting cells from activated B cells; defends against extracellular pathogens
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Immunity
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being protected against infection
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Immunization
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immunity by artificial means
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Immunoglobulin (Ig)
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any of the class of proteins that function as antibodies
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Immunological Memory
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ability of immune system to remember antigen; rapid/effective response to pathogen encountered earlier
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Inflammatory Response
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innate immune response; in infection/tissue injury; affected tissue becomes swollen, red, warm and painful
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Innate Immunity
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nonspecific defenses against pathogens that exist before exposure to an antigen; mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages; results in inflammatory response
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Leukocyte
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neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes; circulate in blood and lymph; defense against disease
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Light Chain
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small; antibodies; V and C regions
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Lymphocyte
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responsible for acquired immunity; B/T cells
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Lysozome
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innate immunity; digests bacterial walls; saliva, tears, mucus, and egg whites
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Mast Cell
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leukocyte; stationary; triggers inflammatory response; secretes histamine; allergic responses/defense against parasites
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Memory Cell
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lymphocyte; maintenance of immunity after infection; descended from B/T cell activated during previous infection
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MHC Protein
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large set of cell-surface glycoproteins; marks cell as self and in antigen-presentation to T cells
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mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
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lymphocytes/leukocytes associated w/ skin cells and mucus-secreting epithelial tissues in gut and respiratory tract; prevents pathogen entry
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Mucus
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slimy mix of glycoproteins & water secreted for lubrication
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Neutrophil
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leukocyte; moves through body tissues; engulfs/digests pathogens; secretes compounds that attack bacteria and fungi
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pattern-recognition receptor
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membrane proteins on leukocytes; binds to molecules on surface of bacteria; innate immune response
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Plasma Cell
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effector B cell; produces large amounts of antibodies; descended from activated B cell
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Primary Immune Response
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acquired immune response to a pathogen that has not been encountered before
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Secondary Immune Response
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acquired immune response to pathogen that has been encountered before
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Self Molecule
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made from an organism; normal part of body
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Severe combined immnodeficiency disease (SCID)
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disease; extremely high vulnerability to infectious disease; from genetic defect in immune system
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Somatic Hypermutation
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mutations; occur in immunoglobulin genes of memory cells; results in novel variation in receptors that bind to antigens
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Spleen
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dark red organ; near stomach; filters blood, stores extra RBCs, role in immunity
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T cell
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leukocyte; matures in thymus; acquired immunity (w/ B-cells); activation of B-cells and destruction of infected cells
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T-cell Receptor (TCR)
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transmembrane protein; on T-cells that bind to antigens on surfaces of other cells; Composed of two polypeptides (alpha/beta chains)
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Thymus
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anterior chest/neck; immature T-cells generated in bone marrow undergo mutation
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Vaccination
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introduction of weakened, killed, , or altered pathogens; stimulates development of acquired immunity
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Vaccine
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preparation to stimulate an immune response against certain pathogen without causing illness; inactivated/weakened pathogens, or portions of a viral capsid
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Variable (V) Region
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portion of antibody's light/heavy chains; highly variable amino acid sequence; forms part of the antigen-binding site
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